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GSL - GNU Scientific Library

   The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a numerical library for C and C++
   programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License.

   The library provides a wide range of mathematical routines such as random number
   generators, special functions and least-squares fitting. There are over 1000
   functions in total with an extensive test suite.

   Unlike the licenses of proprietary numerical libraries the license of GSL does
   not restrict scientific cooperation. It allows you to share your programs freely
   with others.

   Current stable version: [25]GSL-2.7
   released on 1 June 2021.
   (Details of recent changes can be found in the [26]NEWS file.)
     ____________________________________________________________________________

     * [27]Function areas in GSL
     * [28]Downloading GSL
     * [29]Verifying GSL Signature
     * [30]Documentation
     * [31]Donate
     * [32]Supported Platforms
     * [33]Mailing Lists
     * [34]Motivation
     * [35]Special Features
     * [36]Licensing
     * [37]More Information
     * [38]Related Packages
     * [39]Development
     * [40]Technical Reports
     * [41]Extensions/Applications
     * [42]Project Background
     * [43]Release History
     ____________________________________________________________________________

Function areas in GSL

   The complete range of subject areas covered by the library includes
     * Complex Numbers
     * Roots of Polynomials
     * Special Functions
     * Vectors and Matrices
     * Permutations
     * Sorting
     * BLAS Support
     * Linear Algebra
     * Eigensystems
     * Fast Fourier Transforms
     * Quadrature
     * Random Numbers
     * Quasi-Random Sequences
     * Random Distributions
     * Statistics
     * Histograms
     * N-Tuples
     * Monte Carlo Integration
     * Simulated Annealing
     * Differential Equations
     * Interpolation
     * Numerical Differentiation
     * Chebyshev Approximation
     * Series Acceleration
     * Discrete Hankel Transforms
     * Root-Finding
     * Minimization
     * Least-Squares Fitting
     * Physical Constants
     * IEEE Floating-Point
     * Discrete Wavelet Transforms
     * Basis splines
     * Running Statistics
     * Sparse Matrices and Linear Algebra

Downloading GSL

   Stable releases can be found in the gsl subdirectory on
     * your [44]nearest GNU mirror, or
     * the [45]main GNU FTP site.

   For other ways to obtain GSL, please read [46]How to get GNU Software

   Installation instructions can be found in the included README and INSTALL files.

   Precompiled binary packages are included in most GNU/Linux distributions.

   A compiled version of GSL is available as part of [47]Cygwin on Windows.

Verifying GSL Signature

   To verify the signature of the GSL tarball, please download both the
   gsl-X.Y.tar.gz and gsl-X.Y.tar.gz.sig files. The key used to sign the official
   releases can be found [48]here.

   The signature can be verified with the following steps:
gpg --import gsl_key.txt
gpg --verify gsl-X.Y.tar.gz.sig

Documentation

   GSL includes a reference manual in reStructuredText format. You can view the
   manual in HTML and PDF, or read it on your system using the shell command info
   gsl-ref (if the library is installed).

   The GSL Reference Manual is available online,
     * [49]GSL Reference Manual - HTML
     * [50]GSL Reference Manual - PDF

   The manual has been published as a printed book (under the GNU Free Documentation
   License), the latest edition is

     GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual - Third Edition (January 2009),
     M. Galassi et al, ISBN 0954612078 (paperback) RRP $39.95.

   A Japanese translation is also available online (may not be the most recent
   version).
     * [51]GSL Reference Manual - Japanese Translation (by Daisuke Tominaga, AIST
       Computational Biology Research Center)

   A Portuguese translation is also available online.
     * [52]GSL Reference Manual - Portuguese Translation (by Jorge Barros de Abreu)

Donate

   If you use and value GSL please consider a donation to help us improve the
   library.
   PayPal - The safer, easier way to pay online!

Supported Platforms

   GSL is developed on the following platform,
     * GNU/Linux with gcc

   It has been reported to compile on the following other platforms,
     * SunOS 4.1.3 & Solaris 2.x (Sparc)
     * Alpha GNU/Linux, gcc
     * HP-UX 9/10/11, PA-RISC, gcc/cc
     * IRIX 6.5, gcc
     * m68k NeXTSTEP, gcc
     * Compaq Alpha Tru64 Unix, gcc
     * FreeBSD, OpenBSD & NetBSD, gcc
     * Cygwin
     * Apple Darwin 5.4
     * Hitachi SR8000 Super Technical Server, cc
     * Microsoft Windows

   Several people have contributed tools to allow GSL to be easily built on Windows
   platforms. More information can be found [53]here.

   We require that GSL should build on any UNIX-like system with an ANSI C compiler,
   so if doesn't, that's a bug and we would love a patch! The complete library
   should also pass make check.

   If you have found a bug, please report it to [54].

   Previously submitted bug reports can be found in the [55]bug-gsl mailing list
   archives and the [56]GSL bug database.

Mailing Lists

   Follow the links to the individual mailing lists below to subscribe or view the
   list archives:
     * [57]Bug-gsl  mailing list -- bug reports for the GNU
       Scientific Library should be sent here
     * [58]Help-gsl  users mailing list -- for questions about
       installation, how GSL works and how it is used, or general questions
       concerning GSL.
     * [59]Info-gsl  mailing list -- announcements of new releases
       are made here.

   You can also follow announcements via the Savannah [60]GSL RSS feed. [61]RSS

Motivation

   Here are some of the main benefits of using a free scientific library under the
   GNU General Public License,
     * allows easier collaboration, library is freely available to everyone.
     * software using the library can be released publicly as source-code.
     * you can adapt the source code to your needs.
     * respects your privacy - does not impose any conditions on "in-house" use.
     * you can contribute back improvements to the user community.

Special Features

   The library uses an object-oriented design. Different algorithms can be
   plugged-in easily or changed at run-time without recompiling the program.

   It is intended for ordinary scientific users. Anyone who knows some C programming
   will be able to start using the library straight-away.

   The interface was designed to be simple to link into very high-level languages,
   such as GNU Guile or Python

   The library is thread-safe.

   Where possible the routines have been based on reliable public-domain Fortran
   packages such as FFTPACK and QUADPACK, which the developers of GSL have
   reimplemented in C with modern coding conventions.

   The library is easy to compile and does not have any dependencies on other
   packages.

Licensing

   GSL is distributed under the terms of the [62]GNU General Public License (GPL).

   The reasons why the GNU Project uses the GPL are described in the following
   articles:
     * [63]Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism by Richard Stallman
     * [64]Why you should not use the Lesser GPL for your next library by Richard
       Stallman

   Additional information for researchers is available in the following article:
     * [65]Releasing Free Software if you work at a University by Richard Stallman

   Some answers to common questions about the license:

     If I write an application which uses GSL, am I forced to distribute that
     application?
     No. The license gives you the option to distribute your application if you
     want to. You do not have to exercise this option in the license.

     If I wanted to distribute an application which uses GSL, what license would I
     need to use?
     The GNU General Public License (GPL).

   The bottom line for commercial users:

     GSL can be used internally ("in-house") without restriction, but only
     redistributed in other software that is under the GNU GPL.

More Information

   If you would like to refer to the GNU Scientific Library in a journal article,
   the recommended way is to cite the reference manual, e.g. M. Galassi et al, GNU
   Scientific Library Reference Manual (3rd Ed.), ISBN 0954612078.

   If you want to give a url, use "http://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/".

Related Packages

   GSL requires a BLAS library for vector and matrix operations. The default CBLAS
   library supplied with GSL can be replaced by the tuned ATLAS library for better
   performance,
     * [66]ATLAS - a portable self-optimising BLAS library with CBLAS interface

   ATLAS is free software and its license is compatible with the GNU GPL.

   Other packages that are useful for scientific computing are:
     * [67]GLPK - GNU Linear Programming Kit
     * [68]FFTW - Large-scale Fast Fourier Transforms
     * [69]NLopt - nonlinear optimization with unconstrained, bound-constrained, and
       general nonlinear inequality constraints

   All these packages are free software (GNU GPL/LGPL).

Development

   GSL development is hosted on Savannah.gnu.org at
   [70]http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/gsl

   The repository is available via 'git' with
git clone git://git.savannah.gnu.org/gsl.git

   Note: if you use git, you will need automake, autoconf, libtool, GNU m4, GNU
   make, and GNU Texinfo (makeinfo).

   To begin the build process from a checkout, start with: ./autogen.sh which will
   prepare the package for compilation. You can then use
   ./configure --enable-maintainer-mode and make in the usual way.

   Commit notifications are available through the git repository [71]news feed.

   In addition to the [72]GSL Reference Manual, anyone wanting to work on the
   library should read the GSL design document,
     * [73]GSL Design Document - HTML

   GSL is a mature library with a stable API. The main emphasis is on ensuring the
   stability of the existing functions, tidying up and fixing any bugs that are
   reported, and adding new, useful algorithms which have been well tested and
   documented. Potential contributors are encouraged to gain familiarity with the
   library by investigating and fixing known problems in the BUGS database.

   The project is always looking to introduce new capabilities and expand or improve
   existing functionality. To maintain stability, any new functionality is
   encouraged as packages, built on top of GSL and maintained independently by their
   authors, as in other free software projects. The design of GSL permits extensions
   to be used alongside the existing library easily by simple linking. Once a new
   extension is proven useful and stable, it can be incorporated into the main GSL
   repository.

   Discussions about the development of the library take place on the
   [74]gsl-discuss@sourceware.org mailing list. Any comments from experts in
   numerical analysis are welcome. You can subscribe to gsl-discuss [75]here.

   GSL is part of the GNU Project and so follows the [76]GNU Coding Standards.

Technical Reports

   GSL Technical Reports are intended to document details of the implementation of
   certain functionality in GSL. The collection of GSL Technical Reports may be
   found here:
     * [77]GSL Technical Reports

Extensions/Applications

   The following third-party packages provide extensions to GSL.

   If you want to add a feature to GSL we recommend that you make it an extension
   first. We will list it here so that people can try it out. Extensions can be
   incorporated after they have been tested in real use.
     * [78]Tensor - Tensor library for multidimensional array representation and
       processing
     * [79]MIXMAX - MIXMAX generator of pseudo-random numbers
       ([80]http://mixmax.hepforge.org)
     * [81]quasimontecarlo - quasi-Monte Carlo integration routines (David
       Zaslavsky)
     * [82]ISVD - Incremental Singular Value Decomposition (Attila Axt)
     * [83]Marray and [84]Tensor - extensions for multidimensional arrays and
       tensors (Jordi Burguet Castell)
     * [85]ndlinear - simpler interface for N-dimensional least squares fits
       (Patrick Alken)
     * [86]Annealing - reworking of simulating annealing with new API (alpha - Marco
       Maggi)
     * [87]jacobi-0.9 - Jacobi polynomials and operations related to Gauss-jacobi
       quadrature (integration, derivatives and interpolation) (Paulo Jabardo)
     * [88]Ziggurat Gaussian - faster gaussian generator using Ziggurat method
       (Jochen Voss), now incorporated in GSL 1.8
     * [89]wigner.c - alternative Wigner coefficient calculations (large j) (J.
       Underwood)
     * [90]adaptint.c - adaptive multidimensional integration, similar to cubpack
       (Steven G. Johnson)
     * [91]jsqrng - higher dimensional quasi-random sequences (J. Scott)
     * [92]qrngextra - extended dimensionality QRNGs (Philipp Baecker)
     * [93]CQP - solves convex quadratic problems (Ewgenij Hübner)
     * [94]Bundle - powerful bundle minimisation algorithm (needs CQP) (Ewgenij
       Hübner - upgraded to v1.2, Oct 2006)
     * [95]Geczy - additional minimisation algorithms (Peter Geczy)
     * [96]Quartic - quartic polynomial solver (Andrew Steiner)
     * [97]Fresnel - sine and cosine fresnel integrals (Aleksey Dmitriev)
     * [98]SimplexImproved - alternative simplex minimiser (Ivo Alxneit)
     * [99]TAMUANOVA - the TAMU ANOVA package, provides single and two factor ANOVA.
     * [100]OOL - the "Open Optimization Library", provides GSL-compatible
       constrained optimization methods (under development).
     * [101]rngextra-0.2 - additional random number generators (Brian Gough, example
       package)

   Other packages:
     * [102]Dieharder - extensive random number test suite for GSL based on
       Marsaglia's Diehard tests and the NIST Statistical Test Suite (Robert G.
       Brown)
     * [103]VFGEN - generates C source code for GSL ODE systems from a user-supplied
       specification of a vector field (Warren Weckesser)

   Some applications using GSL that we know of:
     * [104]GSL Shell (Lua) - interface to GSL routines using the Lua scripting
       language.
     * [105]NEMO -N-body stellar dynamics toolbox, a unix-like toolset of libraries
       and programs, also has tools to operate on ascii tables and other types of
       data
     * [106]LUSH - Lisp Universal Shell, an object-oriented programming language
       with full interfaces to GSL, LAPACK, and BLAS.
     * [107]NumExp - interactive graphical exploration of numerical functions and
       algorithms (uses Gtk)
     * [108]LabPlot - software for data analysis and visualisation
     * [109]Qumax - a Quantum Monte Carlo Software for Atoms, Molecules and Solids
     * [110]ORSA - Orbit Reconstruction, Simulation and Analysis.
     * [111]QtiPlot - scientific plotting and data analysis application
     * [112]Rlabplus - libraries for Rlab, a high-level language for numerics
     * [113]Blahut - computes information theoretic rate-distortion and channel
       capacity

   Wrappers for Other Languages (not necessarily complete):
     * [114]JavaCPP - Java wrappers for GSL
     * [115]Math::GSL - Perl interface to GSL
     * [116]VALA - VALA bindings for GSL
     * [117]GSLL - Common Lisp interface to GSL
     * [118]FGSL - Fortran interface to GSL (under development)
     * [119]PyGSL - Python Bindings for GSL
     * [120]CythonGSL - Cython interface to GSL (fork of PyrexGsl)
     * [121]PyrexGsl - Pyrex interface to GSL (Pyrex is a version of Python which
       allows mixing of Python and C datatypes)
     * [122]ctypesGsl - Python ctypes-style interface to GSL (under development)
     * [123]Ruby/GSL - Ruby Bindings for GSL
     * [124]PDL::GSL - Perl Data Language interface to GSL Random Numbers (included
       in the main PDL distribution)
     * [125]R gsl - package, bindings for GSL special functions in GNU R
     * [126]RcppGSL - package, bindings for GSL special functions in GNU R
     * [127]S-lang/GSL - bindings for GSL and S-Lang
     * [128]Zoom - C++ wrappers for GSL special functions
     * [129]OCAML GSL - bindings for the OCAML functional language
     * [130]O2scl - a numerical C++ class library which is compatible with GSL
       datatypes (A.Steiner)

   Textbooks:
     * "Numerische Physik", 2nd edition, by Harald Wiedemann (ISBN
       978-3-662-58186-5, Published by Springer (2019), 360 pages, in German)
       A textbook on numerical physics, covering classical mechanics,
       electrodynamics, optics, statistical physics and quantum mechanics. The
       example programs in the book use the GNU Scientific Library and are free
       software (the source code can be downloaded from the Springer site below).
       Further information about this book is available from the publisher at
       [131]springer.com.

Project Background

   The project was conceived in 1996 by Dr M. Galassi and Dr J. Theiler of Los
   Alamos National Laboratory.

   They were joined by other physicists who also felt that the licenses of existing
   libraries were hindering scientific cooperation.

   Most of the library has been written by a relatively small number of people with
   backgrounds in computational physics in order to provide a consistent and
   reasonably-designed framework.

   Overall development of the library and the design and implementation of the major
   modules was carried out by Dr G. Jungman and Dr B. Gough. Modules were also
   written by Dr J. Davies, R. Priedhorsky, Dr M. Booth, Dr F. Rossi, and Dr P.
   Alken, along with many useful contributions from others in the user community.
   Debian packages for the library are maintained by Dr D. Eddelbuettel.

Release History

     * gsl-2.7 was released in June 2021.
     * gsl-2.6 was released in August 2019.
     * gsl-2.5 was released in June 2018.
     * gsl-2.4 was released in June 2017.
     * gsl-2.3 was released in December 2016.
     * gsl-2.2.1 was released in August 2016.
     * gsl-2.2 was released in August 2016.
     * gsl-2.1 was released in November 2015.
     * gsl-2.0 was released in October 2015.
     * gsl-1.16 was released in July 2013.
     * gsl-1.15 was released in May 2011.
     * gsl-1.14 was released in March 2010.
     * gsl-1.13 was released in September 2009.
     * gsl-1.12 was released in December 2008.
     * gsl-1.11 was released in March 2008.
     * gsl-1.10 was released in September 2007.
     * gsl-1.9 was released in February 2007.
     * gsl-1.8 was released in April 2006.
     * gsl-1.7 was released in September 2005.
     * gsl-1.6 was released in December 2004.
     * gsl-1.5 was released in June 2004.
     * gsl-1.4 was released in August 2003.
     * gsl-1.3 was released in December 2002.
     * gsl-1.2 was released in July 2002.
     * gsl-1.1.1 was released in March 2002.
     * gsl-1.1 was released in February 2002.
     * gsl-1.0 was released in November 2001.
     * gsl-0.9.4 was released in October 2001 (fifth beta-test release).
     * gsl-0.9.3 was released in September 2001 (fourth beta-test release).
     * gsl-0.9.2 was released in September 2001 (third beta-test release).
     * gsl-0.9.1 was released in August 2001 (second beta-test release).
     * gsl-0.9 was released in July 2001 (first beta-test release).
     * gsl-0.8 was released in May 2001.
     * gsl-0.7 was released in October 2000.
     * gsl-0.6 was released in June 2000.
     * gsl-0.5 was released in December 1999.
     * gsl-0.4.1 was released in February 1999.
     * gsl-0.4 was released in August 1998.
     * gsl-0.3f was released in May 1998.
     * gsl-0.3b was released in February 1998.
     * gsl-0.2 was released in October 1996.
     * gsl-0.1 was released in sometime in 1996.
     * gsl-0.0 was released in sometime in 1996.
     * The gsl project was started in May 1996 (earliest recorded changelog entry).
     ____________________________________________________________________________

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References

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 102. http://www.phy.duke.edu/~rgb/General/dieharder.php
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 105. https://teuben.github.io/nemo/
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 113. https://github.com/kflu/blahut
 114. https://github.com/bytedeco/javacpp-presets/tree/master/gsl
 115. http://search.cpan.org/dist/Math-GSL/
 116. http://live.gnome.org/Vala/ExternalBindings
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 118. http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/services/software/mathematik/gsl/fortran/index.html
 119. http://pygsl.sourceforge.net/
 120. https://github.com/twiecki/CythonGSL
 121. https://web.archive.org/web/20140417040444/http://wwwteor.mi.infn.it/%7Epernici/pyrexgsl/pyrexgsl.html
 122. https://sourceforge.net/projects/ctypesgsl/
 123. https://web.archive.org/web/20140513180616/https://rubyforge.org/projects/rb-gsl/
 124. http://pdl.perl.org/
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 126. http://dirk.eddelbuettel.com/code/rcpp.gsl.html
 127. http://space.mit.edu/CXC/software/slang/modules/gsl/
 128. https://web.archive.org/web/20171013234224/http://www.fnal.gov/docs/working-groups/fpcltf/Pkg/SpecialFunctions/doc/html/0SpecialFunctions.html
 129. https://web.archive.org/web/20170325033306/http://oandrieu.nerim.net/ocaml/gsl/
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