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* (Top)
* 1History
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* 1.1Precursors
1.2Creation
1.3Naming
1.4Commercial and popular uptake
1.5Current development^[when?]
2Design
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* 2.1User interface
2.2Video input infrastructure
3Development
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* 3.1Community
3.2Programming on Linux
4Hardware support
5Uses
6Market share and uptake
7Copyright, trademark, and naming
8See also
9Notes
10References
11External links
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the [206]latest accepted revision, [207]reviewed on 28 April 2024.
Family of Unix-like operating systems
This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see
[208]Linux kernel. For other uses, see [209]Linux (disambiguation).
CAPTION: Linux
[210]Tux the penguin
[211]Tux the penguin, the mascot of Linux^[212][1]
[213]Developer Community contributors,
[214]Linus Torvalds
[215]Written in [216]C, [217]assembly languages, [218]Rust and others
OS family [219]Unix-like
Working state Current
Source model [220]Open source
Initial release September 17, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-09-17)
[221]Repository [222]git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
Marketing target [223]Cloud computing, [224]embedded devices, [225]mainframe
computers, [226]mobile devices, [227]personal computers, [228]servers,
[229]supercomputers
[230]Available in Multilingual
Platforms [231]Alpha, [232]ARC, [233]ARM, [234]C-Sky, [235]Hexagon,
[236]LoongArch, [237]m68k, [238]Microblaze, [239]MIPS, [240]Nios II,
[241]OpenRISC, [242]PA-RISC, [243]PowerPC, [244]RISC-V, [245]s390, [246]SuperH,
[247]SPARC, [248]x86, [249]Xtensa
[250]Kernel type [251]Monolithic
[252]Userland [253]GNU,^[254][a] [255]BusyBox^[256][b]
[257]Default
user interface
* [258]Unix shell ([259]CLI)
* Most [260]distributions include a [261]desktop environment ([262]GUI).
[263]License [264]GPLv2^[265][9]^[266][c]
Official website [267]kernel.org
Articles in the series
[268]Linux kernel
[269]Linux distribution
Linux ([270]/|lInUks/ ^[271]i-o [272]LIN-uuks)^[273][11] is a family of
[274]open-source [275]Unix-like [276]operating systems based on the [277]Linux
kernel,^[278][12] an [279]operating system kernel first released on September 17,
1991, by [280]Linus Torvalds.^[281][13]^[282][14]^[283][15] Linux is typically
[284]packaged as a [285]Linux distribution (distro), which includes the kernel
and supporting [286]system software and [287]libraries, many of which are
provided by the [288]GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux"
in their name, but the [289]Free Software Foundation uses and recommends the name
"GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of [290]GNU software in many
distributions, [291]causing some controversy.^[292][16]^[293][17]
Popular Linux distributions^[294][18]^[295][19]^[296][20] include [297]Debian,
[298]Fedora Linux, [299]Arch Linux, and [300]Ubuntu. Commercial distributions
include [301]Red Hat Enterprise Linux and [302]SUSE Linux Enterprise. Desktop
Linux distributions include a [303]windowing system such as [304]X11 or
[305]Wayland and a [306]desktop environment such as [307]GNOME or [308]KDE
Plasma. Distributions intended for [309]servers may not have a [310]graphical
user interface at all, or include a [311]solution stack such as [312]LAMP.
Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any
purpose.^[313][21]
Linux was originally developed for [314]personal computers based on the
[315]Intel x86 architecture, but has since been [316]ported to more
[317]platforms than any other operating system.^[318][22] Because of the
dominance of Linux-based [319]Android on [320]smartphones, Linux, including
Android, has the [321]largest installed base of all [322]general-purpose
operating systems as of May 2022^[323][update].^[324][23]^[325][24]^[326][25]
Linux is, as of March 2024^[327][update], used by around 4 percent of
[328]desktop computers,^[329][26] the [330]Chromebook, which runs the Linux
kernel-based [331]ChromeOS, dominates the US [332]K-12 education market and
represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 [333]notebook sales in the US.^[334][27]
Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one
million web servers' operating systems are Linux),^[335][28] leads other [336]big
iron systems such as [337]mainframe computers, and is used on all of the
[338]world's 500 fastest supercomputers^[339][d] (as of November
2017^[340][update], having gradually displaced all
competitors).^[341][29]^[342][30]^[343][31]
Linux also runs on [344]embedded systems, i.e., devices whose operating system is
typically built into the [345]firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This
includes [346]routers, [347]automation controls, [348]smart home devices,
[349]video game consoles,^[350][32] [351]televisions (Samsung and LG [352]Smart
TVs),^[353][33]^[354][34]^[355][35] [356]automobiles (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz,
Hyundai, and Toyota),^[357][36] and [358]spacecraft ([359]Falcon 9 rocket,
[360]Dragon crew capsule, and the [361]Perseverance rover).^[362][37]^[363][38]
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source [364]software
collaboration. The [365]source code may be used, modified, and distributed
commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective
licenses, such as the [366]GNU General Public License (GPL). The Linux kernel,
for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with an exception for [367]system calls
that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under
the GPL.^[368][39]^[369][40]^[370][21]
History[[371]edit]
Main article: [372]History of Linux
Precursors[[373]edit]
[374][170px-Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg] Linus Torvalds, principal author of
the Linux kernel
The [375]Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at
[376]AT&T's [377]Bell Labs, in the United States by [378]Ken Thompson,
[379]Dennis Ritchie, [380]Douglas McIlroy, and [381]Joe Ossanna.^[382][41] First
released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in [383]assembly language, as was
common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was
rewritten in the [384]C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (except for some
hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a [385]high-level language
implementation of Unix made its [386]porting to different computer platforms
easier.^[387][42]
Due to an earlier [388]antitrust case^[[389]specify] forbidding it^[[390]specify]
from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's
[391]source code as a [392]trade secret to anyone who asked.^[[393]clarification
needed] As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by [394]academic
institutions and businesses. In 1984, [395]AT&T divested itself of its
[396]regional operating companies, and was released from its obligation not to
enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling
Unix as a [397]proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to
modify it.^[398][43]^[399][44]
[400]Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in
1980. Later, [401]Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at
[402]Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in
1982. While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux
was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial
attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix
operating system.^[403][45]^[404][46]
With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the [405]GNU
Project, started in 1983 by [406]Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a
"complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of [407]free
software. Work began in 1984.^[408][47] Later, in 1985, Stallman started the
[409]Free Software Foundation and wrote the [410]GNU General Public License (GNU
GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating
system (such as libraries, [411]compilers, [412]text editors, a [413]command-line
shell, and a [414]windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements
such as [415]device drivers, [416]daemons, and the [417]kernel, called [418]GNU
Hurd, were stalled and incomplete.^[419][48]
[420]MINIX was created by [421]Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a [422]computer science
professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted
at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although
the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms
prevented it from being [423]free software until the licensing changed in April
2000.^[424][49]
Although not released until 1992, due to [425]legal complications, the
development of [426]386BSD, from which [427]NetBSD, [428]OpenBSD and [429]FreeBSD
descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate
occasions that if the [430]GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time
(1991), he probably would not have created Linux.^[431][50]^[432][51]
Creation[[433]edit]
While attending the [434]University of Helsinki in the fall of 1990, Torvalds
enrolled in a Unix course.^[435][52] The course used a [436]MicroVAX minicomputer
running [437]Ultrix, and one of the required texts was [438]Operating Systems:
Design and Implementation by [439]Andrew S. Tanenbaum. This textbook included a
copy of Tanenbaum's [440]MINIX operating system. It was with this course that
Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In 1991, he became curious about operating
systems.^[441][53] Frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which at the time
limited it to educational use only,^[442][49] he began to work on his operating
system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel.
On July 3, 1991, to implement Unix [443]system calls, Linus Torvalds attempted
unsuccessfully to obtain a digital copy of the [444]POSIX standards
[445]documentation with a request to the comp.os.minix [446]newsgroup.^[447][54]
After not finding the POSIX documentation, Torvalds initially resorted to
determining system calls from [448]SunOS documentation owned by the university
for use in operating its [449]Sun Microsystems server. He also learned some
system calls from Tanenbaum's MINIX text.
Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications
written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux
kernel development took place on Linux systems.^[450][55] GNU applications also
replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely
available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code
licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as
they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated
a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution,
to the GNU GPL.^[451][56] Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the
Linux kernel, creating a fully functional and free operating system.^[452][57]
Naming[[453]edit]
[454][220px-Linux_0_12.jpg] 5.25-inch [455]floppy disks holding a very early
version of Linux
Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a [456]portmanteau of
"free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work
on the system, some of the project's [457]makefiles included the name "Freax" for
about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed
it as too egotistical.^[458][58]
To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the [459]FTP server
(ftp.funet.fi) of [460]FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at
the [461]Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer
administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a
good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting
Torvalds.^[462][58] Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".
According to a [463]newsgroup post by Torvalds,^[464][11] the word "Linux" should
be pronounced ([465]/|lInUks/ ^[466]i-o [467]LIN-uuks) with a short 'i' as in
'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should
be pronounced, he included an audio guide with the kernel source code.^[468][59]
However, in this recording, he pronounces Linux as /|linUks/ ([469]LEEN-uuks)
with a short but [470]close front unrounded vowel, instead of a [471]near-close
near-front unrounded vowel as in his newsgroup post.
Commercial and popular uptake[[472]edit]
Main article: [473]Linux adoption
[474][220px-Ubuntu_23.10_Mantic_Minotaur_Desktop_English.png] [475]Ubuntu, a
popular Linux distribution[476][220px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg] [477]Nexus 5X
running [478]Android
The adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by
hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing
community, where organizations such as [479]NASA started to replace their
increasingly expensive machines with [480]clusters of inexpensive commodity
computers running Linux. Commercial use began when [481]Dell and [482]IBM,
followed by [483]Hewlett-Packard, started offering Linux support to escape
[484]Microsoft's monopoly in the desktop operating system market.^[485][60]
Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from [486]embedded systems to
virtually all [487]supercomputers,^[488][31]^[489][61] and have secured a place
in server installations such as the popular [490]LAMP application stack. The use
of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been
growing.^[491][62]^[492][63]^[493][64]^[494][65]^[495][66]^[496][67]^[497][68]
Linux distributions have also become popular in the [498]netbook market, with
many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google
releasing their own [499]ChromeOS designed for netbooks.
Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device
market, with Android being the dominant operating system on [500]smartphones and
very popular on [501]tablets and, more recently, on [502]wearables. [503]Linux
gaming is also on the rise with [504]Valve showing its support for Linux and
rolling out [505]SteamOS, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, which was
later implemented in their [506]Steam Deck platform. Linux distributions have
also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the
federal government of [507]Brazil.^[508][69]
Current development^[[509]when?][[510]edit]
[511][220px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg] [512]In-flight entertainment
system booting up displaying the Linux logo
Linus Torvalds is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its
development, while [513]Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the stable
branch.^[514][70] [515]Zoë Kooyman is the executive director of the Free Software
Foundation,^[516][71] which in turn supports the GNU components.^[517][72]
Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components.
These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both
kernel modules and user applications and libraries.
Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components,
and non-GNU components, with additional [518]package management software in the
form of Linux distributions.
Design[[519]edit]
See also: [520]Linux kernel § Architecture and features
Many developers of [521]open-source software agree that the Linux kernel was not
designed but rather [522]evolved through [523]natural selection. Torvalds
considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew
with a lot of mutations - and because the mutations were less than random, they
were faster and more directed than [524]alpha-particles in DNA".^[525][73]
[526]Eric S. Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not
technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups,
but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it
was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only
through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy
but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback
from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection
on the mutations introduced by developers".^[527][74] [528]Bryan Cantrill, an
engineer of a competing OS, agrees that "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved", but
considers this to be a limitation, proposing that some features, especially those
related to security,^[529][75] cannot be evolved into, "this is not a biological
system at the end of the day, it's a software system".^[530][76]
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of
its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s.
Such a system uses a [531]monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles
process control, networking, access to the [532]peripherals, and [533]file
systems. [534]Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel or
added as modules that are loaded while the system is running.^[535][77]
The GNU [536]userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel,
with Android being the notable exception. The [537]GNU C library, an
implementation of the [538]C standard library, works as a wrapper for the system
calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the
[539]toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux
development (including the [540]compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself),
and the [541]coreutils implement many basic [542]Unix tools. The GNU Project also
develops [543]Bash, a popular [544]CLI shell. The [545]graphical user interface
(or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the
[546]X Window System.^[547][78] More recently, the Linux community has sought to
advance to [548]Wayland as the new display server protocol, in place of X11. Many
other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems.
CAPTION: Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the
[549]userland and [550]kernel space
User mode User applications [551]bash, [552]LibreOffice, [553]GIMP, [554]Blender,
[555]0 A.D., [556]Mozilla Firefox, ...
System components [557]init daemon:
[558]OpenRC, [559]runit, [560]systemd... [561]System daemons:
[562]polkitd, [563]smbd, [564]sshd, [565]udevd... [566]Window manager:
[567]X11, [568]Wayland, [569]SurfaceFlinger (Android) Graphics:
[570]Mesa, [571]AMD Catalyst, ... Other libraries:
[572]GTK, [573]Qt, [574]EFL, [575]SDL, [576]SFML, [577]FLTK, [578]GNUstep, ...
[579]C standard library [580]fopen, [581]execv, [582]malloc, [583]memcpy,
[584]localtime, [585]pthread_create... (up to 2000 [586]subroutines)
[587]glibc aims to be fast, [588]musl aims to be lightweight, [589]uClibc targets
embedded systems, [590]bionic was written for [591]Android, etc. All aim to be
[592]POSIX/[593]SUS-compatible.
Kernel mode [594]Linux kernel [595]stat, [596]splice, [597]dup, [598]read,
[599]open, [600]ioctl, [601]write, [602]mmap, [603]close, [604]exit, etc. (about
380 system calls)
The Linux kernel [605]System Call Interface (SCI), aims to be
[606]POSIX/[607]SUS-compatible^[608][79]
[609]Process scheduling subsystem [610]IPC subsystem [611]Memory management
subsystem [612]Virtual files subsystem Networking subsystem
Other components: [613]ALSA, [614]DRI, [615]evdev, [616]klibc, [617]LVM,
[618]device mapper, [619]Linux Network Scheduler, [620]Netfilter
[621]Linux Security Modules: [622]SELinux, [623]TOMOYO, [624]AppArmor, [625]Smack
Hardware ([626]CPU, [627]main memory, [628]data storage devices, etc.)
Installed components of a Linux system include the following:^[629][78]^[630][80]
* A [631]bootloader, for example [632]GNU GRUB, [633]LILO, [634]SYSLINUX or
[635]systemd-boot. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the
computer's [636]main memory, by being executed by the computer when it is
turned on and after the [637]firmware initialization is performed.
* An [638]init program, such as the traditional [639]sysvinit and the newer
[640]systemd, [641]OpenRC and [642]Upstart. This is the first [643]process
launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree. It
starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical
or in terminal mode).
* [644]Software libraries, which contain code that can be used by running
processes. On Linux systems using [645]ELF-format executable files, the
[646]dynamic linker that manages the use of dynamic libraries is known as
[647]ld-linux.so. If the system is set up for the user to compile software
themselves, [648]header files will also be included to describe the
[649]programming interface of installed libraries. Besides the most commonly
used software library on Linux systems, the [650]GNU C Library (glibc), there
are numerous other libraries, such as [651]SDL and [652]Mesa.
+ The [653]C standard library is the library necessary to run programs
written in [654]C on a computer system, with the GNU C Library being the
standard. It provides an implementation of the POSIX API, as well as
extensions to that API. For embedded systems, alternatives such as
[655]musl, [656]EGLIBC (a glibc fork once used by Debian) and
[657]uClibc (which was designed for [658]uClinux) have been developed,
although the last two are no longer maintained. Android uses its own C
library, [659]Bionic. However, musl can additionally be used as a
replacement for glibc on desktop and laptop systems, as seen on certain
Linux distributions like [660]Void Linux.
* Basic Unix commands, with GNU coreutils being the standard implementation.
Alternatives exist for embedded systems, such as the copyleft [661]BusyBox,
and the BSD-licensed [662]Toybox.
* [663]Widget toolkits are the libraries used to build [664]graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) for software applications. Numerous widget toolkits are
available, including [665]GTK and [666]Clutter developed by the [667]GNOME
Project, [668]Qt developed by the [669]Qt Project and led by [670]The Qt
Company, and [671]Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) developed
primarily by the [672]Enlightenment team.
* A [673]package management system, such as [674]dpkg and [675]RPM.
Alternatively packages can be compiled from binary or source [676]tarballs.
* User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments.
User interface[[677]edit]
The [678]user interface, also known as the [679]shell, is either a command-line
interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the
associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems,
the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly
available through [680]terminal emulator windows or on a separate [681]virtual
console.
CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and
output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the [682]Bourne-Again Shell (bash),
originally developed for the GNU Project. Most low-level Linux components,
including various parts of the [683]userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is
particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides
very simple [684]inter-process communication.
On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the [685]GUI shells,
packaged together with extensive desktop environments, such as [686]KDE Plasma,
[687]GNOME, [688]MATE, [689]Cinnamon, [690]LXDE, [691]Pantheon, and [692]Xfce,
though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user
interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X". It provides
[693]network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one
system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application;
however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working
over the network.^[694][81] Several X display servers exist, with the reference
implementation, [695]X.Org Server, being the most popular.
Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and
administrators, but provide a custom interface for end-users, designed for the
use case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that
resides on another system, not necessarily Linux-based.
Several types of [696]window managers exist for X11, including [697]tiling,
[698]dynamic, [699]stacking, and [700]compositing. Window managers provide means
to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and
interact with the X Window System. Simpler [701]X window managers such as
[702]dwm, [703]ratpoison, or [704]i3wm provide a [705]minimalist functionality,
while more elaborate window managers such as [706]FVWM, [707]Enlightenment, or
[708]Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in [709]taskbar and
[710]themes, but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.
Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard
installations, such as [711]Mutter (GNOME), [712]KWin (KDE), or [713]Xfwm (xfce),
although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred.
Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11
protocol; as of 2022^[714][update], it has received relatively wide
adoption.^[715][82] Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager
and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the
display server, window manager, and compositing manager. Weston is the reference
implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported
to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been
successfully ported since version 19.^[716][83]
Video input infrastructure[[717]edit]
Main article: [718]Video4Linux
Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input
devices: [719]V4L2 API for video streams and radio, and [720]DVB API for digital
TV reception.^[721][84]
Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large
number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs
to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is
the key to the success of having userspace applications to be able to work with
all formats supported by those devices.^[722][85]^[723][86]
Development[[724]edit]
[725][500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png] Simplified history of Unix-like operating
systems. Linux shares similar architecture and concepts (as part of the
[726]POSIX standard) but does not share non-free source code with the original
[727]Unix or MINIX.
Main articles: [728]Linux distribution and [729]Free software
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary
operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and
open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is
by far the most widely used.^[730][87] Some [731]free and [732]open-source
software licenses are based on the principle of [733]copyleft, a kind of
reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be
copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public
License (GPL), is a form of copyleft and is used for the Linux kernel and many of
the components from the GNU Project.^[734][88]
Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for [735]interoperability
with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems
adhere to POSIX,^[736][89] [737]SUS,^[738][90] [739]LSB, [740]ISO, and [741]ANSI
standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been
POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.^[742][91]^[743][92]
Free software projects, although developed through [744]collaboration, are often
produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses
explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale
projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it
available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and
application software packages available for download and installation through a
network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their
specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams,
volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible
for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system
security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into
a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as [745]apt,
[746]yum, [747]zypper, [748]pacman or [749]portage to install, remove, and update
all of a system's software from one central location.^[750][93]
Community[[751]edit]
See also: [752]Free software movement and [753]Linux user group
A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some
vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, [754]Debian
being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their
commercial distributions, as [755]Red Hat does with [756]Fedora, and [757]SUSE
does with [758]openSUSE.^[759][94]^[760][95]
In many cities and regions, local associations known as [761]Linux User Groups
(LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free
software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical
support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet
communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most
distributions and free software / open-source projects have [762]IRC chatrooms or
[763]newsgroups. [764]Online forums are another means of support, with notable
examples being [765]LinuxQuestions.org and the various distribution-specific
support and community forums, such as ones for [766]Ubuntu, Fedora, and
[767]Gentoo. Linux distributions host [768]mailing lists; commonly there will be
a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list.
There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on
Linux often bundle [769]cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux
distributions.^[770][96]^[771][97]
Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several
large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the
components of the system and free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in
2017 showed that well over 85% of the code was developed by programmers who are
being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1%
unclassified.^[772][98] Some of the major corporations that provide contributions
include [773]Intel, [774]Samsung, [775]Google, [776]AMD, [777]Oracle, and
[778]Facebook.^[779][98] Several corporations, notably Red Hat, [780]Canonical,
and [781]SUSE have built a significant business around Linux distributions.
The [782]free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a
distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and
encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a
whole and individual vendors may be seen as [783]symbiotic. One common
[784]business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially
for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business
version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools
to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative
tasks.
Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used
to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as
[785]CP/M, [786]Apple DOS, and versions of the [787]classic Mac OS before 7.6
freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized
throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to
profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that
shared the same architecture.
Programming on Linux[[788]edit]
Most [789]programming languages support Linux either directly or through
third-party community based [790]ports.^[791][99] The original development tools
used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found
within the [792]GNU toolchain, which includes the [793]GNU Compiler Collection
(GCC) and the [794]GNU Build System. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for
[795]Ada, C, [796]C++, [797]Go and [798]Fortran. Many programming languages have
a cross-platform reference implementation that supports Linux, for example
[799]PHP, [800]Perl, [801]Ruby, [802]Python, [803]Java, [804]Go, [805]Rust and
[806]Haskell. First released in 2003, the [807]LLVM project provides an
alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages.
[808]Proprietary compilers for Linux include the [809]Intel C++ Compiler,
[810]Sun Studio, and [811]IBM XL C/C++ Compiler. [812]BASIC is available in
[813]procedural form from [814]QB64, [815]PureBasic, [816]Yabasic, [817]GLBasic,
[818]Basic4GL, [819]XBasic, [820]wxBasic, [821]SdlBasic, and [822]Basic-256, as
well as [823]object oriented through [824]Gambas, [825]FreeBASIC, [826]B4X,
[827]Basic for Qt, [828]Phoenix Object Basic, [829]NS Basic, [830]ProvideX,
[831]Chipmunk Basic, [832]RapidQ and [833]Xojo. [834]Pascal is implemented
through [835]GNU Pascal, [836]Free Pascal, and [837]Virtual Pascal, as well as
graphically via [838]Lazarus, [839]PascalABC.NET, or [840]Delphi using
[841]FireMonkey (previously through [842]Borland Kylix).
A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional
specific-purpose programming languages targeted at [843]scripting, text
processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux
distributions support [844]shell scripts, [845]awk, [846]sed and [847]make. Many
programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or
programming themselves. For example, [848]regular expressions are supported in
programs like [849]grep and [850]locate, the traditional Unix message transfer
agent [851]Sendmail contains its own [852]Turing complete scripting system, and
the advanced text editor [853]GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose
[854]Lisp interpreter.
Most distributions also include support for [855]PHP, [856]Perl, [857]Ruby,
[858]Python and other [859]dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also
supports [860]C# and other [861]CLI [862]languages (via [863]Mono), [864]Vala,
and [865]Scheme. [866]Guile Scheme acts as an [867]extension language targeting
the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, [868]static,
compiled C programs of [869]Unix design rapidly and dynamically extensible via an
elegant, [870]functional high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be
compiled with optional Guile [871]bindings to this end. A number of [872]Java
virtual machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun
Microsystems JVM ([873]HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source
projects like [874]Kaffe and [875]Jikes RVM; [876]Kotlin, [877]Scala, [878]Groovy
and other [879]JVM languages are also available.
GNOME and [880]KDE are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for
developing applications. These projects are based on the [881]GTK and [882]Qt
widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger
framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are [883]a number of
[884]Integrated development environments available including [885]Anjuta,
[886]Code::Blocks, [887]CodeLite, [888]Eclipse, [889]Geany, [890]ActiveState
Komodo, [891]KDevelop, [892]Lazarus, [893]MonoDevelop, [894]NetBeans, and [895]Qt
Creator, while the long-established editors [896]Vim, [897]nano and [898]Emacs
remain popular.^[899][100]
Hardware support[[900]edit]
[901][500px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png] Linux is ubiquitously found on various
types of hardware.
See also: [902]List of Linux-supported computer architectures
The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for
devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse
range of [903]computer architectures, including [904]ARM-based Android
smartphones and the [905]IBM Z mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel
forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the [906]ELKS kernel
[907]fork can run on [908]Intel 8086 or [909]Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors,
while the [910]µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a [911]memory
management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever
intended to use a proprietary manufacturer-created operating system, such as
[912]Macintosh computers^[913][101]^[914][102] (with [915]PowerPC, [916]Intel,
and [917]Apple silicon processors), [918]PDAs, [919]video game consoles,
[920]portable music players, and mobile phones.
Linux has a reputation for supporting old hardware very well by maintaining
standardized drivers for a long time.^[921][103] There are several industry
associations and hardware [922]conferences devoted to maintaining and improving
support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as [923]FreedomHEC. Over time,
support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any
off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible.^[924][104]
In 2014, a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all
tested hardware configurations.^[925][105]
Uses[[926]edit]
Main article: [927]Linux range of use
Market share and uptake[[928]edit]
Main article: [929]Linux adoption
See also: [930]Usage share of operating systems
Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including
market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining
Linux.^[931][106] The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system
market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $15.64
billion, compared to $3.89 billion in 2019.^[932][107] Analysts project a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2024 and 2032, culminating in
a market size of USD 34.90 billion by the latter year.^[933][108] Analysts and
proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability,
low cost, and freedom from [934]vendor lock-in.^[935][109]^[936][110]
Desktops and laptops
According to [937]web server statistics (that is, based on the numbers
recorded from visits to websites by client devices), as of
February 2024^[938][update], the estimated market share of Linux on
[939]desktop computers is around 3.7%. In comparison, [940]Microsoft
Windows has a market share of around 72.9%, while [941]macOS covers around
16.13%.^[942][26]
Web servers
W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa
domains,^[943][111] which as of May 2015^[944][update] estimate that
96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run
FreeBSD.^[945][112]
W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the
top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly^[946][113] and as of
November 2020^[947][update] estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web
servers, versus 21.9% being used by [948]Microsoft Windows.^[949][114]
40.1% used other types of Unix.^[950][115]
[951]IDC's Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall
server market at that time;^[952][116] this estimate was based on the
number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include
server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later.
Mobile devices
Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant
operating system for smartphones. In April 2023, 68.61% of mobile devices
accessing websites using [953]StatCounter were from Android.^[954][117]
Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible
for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013^[955][update].^[956][118]
According to web server statistics, as of October 2021^[957][update]
Android has a market share of about 71%, with [958]iOS holding 28%, and
the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.^[959][119]
Film production
For years, Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The
first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's
[960]Titanic.^[961][120]^[962][121] Since then major studios including
[963]DreamWorks Animation, [964]Pixar, [965]Weta Digital, and
[966]Industrial Light & Magic have migrated to
Linux.^[967][122]^[968][123]^[969][124] According to the Linux Movies
Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and
visual effects companies use Linux.^[970][125]
Use in government
Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and
national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux
distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost
Project.^[971][126] The Indian state of [972]Kerala has gone to the extent
of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their
computers.^[973][127]^[974][128] [975]China uses Linux exclusively as the
operating system for its [976]Loongson processor family to achieve
technology independence.^[977][129] In Spain, some regions have developed
their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and
official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in
Andalusia. [978]France and [979]Germany have also taken steps toward the
adoption of Linux.^[980][130] North Korea's [981]Red Star OS, developed as
of 2002^[982][update], is based on a version of Fedora Linux.^[983][131]
Copyright, trademark, and naming[[984]edit]
See also: [985]GNU/Linux naming controversy and [986]SCO-Linux disputes
The Linux kernel is [987]licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL),
version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source
code under this license must make the originating source code (and any
modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms.^[988][132] Other
key components of a typical Linux distribution are also mainly licensed under the
GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the [989]GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the
[990]X.Org implementation of the X Window System uses the [991]MIT License.
Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to
version 3.^[992][133]^[993][134] He specifically dislikes some provisions in the
new license which prohibit the use of the software in [994]digital rights
management.^[995][135] It would also be impractical to obtain permission from all
the copyright holders, who number in the thousands.^[996][136]
A 2001 study of [997]Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30
million [998]source lines of code.^[999][137] Using the [1000]Constructive Cost
Model, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand
person-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software
had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about
US$1.82 billion^[1001][138] to develop in 2023 in the United States.^[1002][137]
Most of the source code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many
other languages were used, including [1003]C++, [1004]Lisp, assembly language,
Perl, Python, [1005]Fortran, and various [1006]shell scripting languages.
Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux
kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.^[1007][137]
In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4.0 (etch,
which was released in 2007).^[1008][139] This distribution contained close to 283
million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have required
about seventy three thousand man-years and cost US$10.2 billion^[1009][138] (in
2023 dollars) to develop by conventional means.
[1010][220px-LinuxWasch3.jpg] The name "Linux" is also used for a laundry
detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.^[1011][140]
In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark registered to Linus
Torvalds.^[1012][10] Initially, nobody registered it. However, on August 15,
1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded
royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected
organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997,
the case was settled.^[1013][141] The licensing of the trademark has since been
handled by the [1014]Linux Mark Institute (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he
trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally
charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of
trademarks,^[1015][142] but later changed this in favor of offering a free,
perpetual worldwide sublicense.^[1016][143]
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as the name when referring
to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to
be [1017]variants of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by [1018]Richard
Stallman, president of the FSF.^[1019][16]^[1020][17] They explicitly take no
issue over the name Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system
based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it.
A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the
FSF, notably Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996),^[1021][144]
also use GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a
whole.^[1022][145]^[1023][146]^[1024][147] Most media and common usage, however,
refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large
Linux distributions (for example, [1025]SUSE Linux and [1026]Red Hat Enterprise
Linux). By contrast, Linux distributions containing only free software use
"GNU/Linux" or simply "GNU", such as [1027]Trisquel GNU/Linux, [1028]Parabola
GNU/Linux-libre, [1029]BLAG Linux and GNU, and [1030]gNewSense.
As of May 2011^[1031][update], about 8% to 13% of the [1032]lines of code of the
Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range
depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6% is taken by
the Linux kernel, increased to 9% when including its direct
dependencies.^[1033][148]
See also[[1034]edit]
* [1035]Free and open-source software portal
* [1036]icon [1037]Linux portal
* [1038]Comparison of Linux distributions
* [1039]Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
* [1040]Comparison of operating systems
* [1041]Comparison of X Window System desktop environments
* [1042]Criticism of Linux
* [1043]Linux kernel version history
* [1044]Linux Documentation Project
* [1045]Linux From Scratch
* [1046]Linux Software Map
* [1047]List of Linux distributions
* [1048]List of games released on Linux
* [1049]List of operating systems
* [1050]Loadable kernel module
* [1051]Usage share of operating systems
* [1052]Timeline of operating systems
Notes[[1053]edit]
1. [1054]^ GNU is the primary userland used in nearly all Linux
distributions.^[1055][2]^[1056][3]^[1057][4] The GNU userland contains system
daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries. [1058]GNU Core
Utilities are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux
distributions use the [1059]X Window system.^[1060][5] Other components of
the userland, such as the [1061]widget toolkit, vary with the specific
distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration.^[1062][6]
2. [1063]^ BusyBox is an alternative userland used in many embedded Linux
distributions. BusyBox replaces most [1064]GNU Core utilities.^[1065][7] One
notable Desktop distribution using BusyBox is [1066]Alpine Linux.^[1067][8]
3. [1068]^ The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by [1069]Linus
Torvalds^[1070][10] and administered by the [1071]Linux Mark Institute.
4. [1072]^ As measured by the [1073]TOP500 list, which uses [1074]HPL to measure
computational power
References[[1075]edit]
1. [1076]^ Linux Online (2008). [1077]"Linux Logos and Mascots". Archived from
[1078]the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
2. [1079]^ [1080]"GNU Userland". Archived from [1081]the original on March 8,
2016.
3. [1082]^ [1083]"Unix Fundamentals -- System Administration for Cyborgs".
Archived from [1084]the original on October 5, 2016.
4. [1085]^ [1086]"Operating Systems -- Introduction to Information and
Communication Technology". [1087]Archived from the original on February 21,
2016.
5. [1088]^ [1089]"The X Window System". [1090]Archived from the original on
January 20, 2016.
6. [1091]^ [1092]"PCLinuxOS Magazine - HTML". Archived from [1093]the original
on May 15, 2013.
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Project. [1529]Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Retrieved
December 5, 2013.
136. [1530]^ [1531]"Keeping an Eye on the Penguin". Linux-watch.com. February 7,
2006. Archived from [1532]the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved November
9, 2010.
137. ^ [1533]^a [1534]^b [1535]^c Wheeler, David A (July 29, 2002). [1536]"More
Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size". Archived from [1537]the
original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
138. ^ [1538]^a [1539]^b Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
[1540]"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". [1541]MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November
30, 2023. United States [1542]Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow
the MeasuringWorth series.
139. [1543]^ Amor, Juan José; et al. (June 17, 2007). [1544]"Measuring Etch: the
size of Debian 4.0". [1545]Archived from the original on July 28, 2014.
Retrieved September 16, 2007.
140. [1546]^ [1547]"There Is a Linux Detergent Out There and It's Trademarked".
[1548]Linux.com. June 19, 2015. Archived from [1549]the original on June 24,
2015. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
141. [1550]^ [1551]"Linux Timeline". Linux Journal. May 31, 2006. [1552]Archived
from the original on February 3, 2013.
142. [1553]^ Neil McAllister (September 5, 2005). [1554]"Linus gets tough on
Linux trademark". [1555]InfoWorld. Archived from [1556]the original on April
12, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
143. [1557]^ [1558]"Linux Mark Institute". [1559]Archived from the original on
February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008. "LMI has restructured its
sublicensing program. Our new sublicense agreement is: Free - approved
sublicense holders pay no fees; Perpetual - sublicense terminates only in
breach of the agreement or when your organization ceases to use its mark;
Worldwide - one sublicense covers your use of the mark anywhere in the world"
144. [1560]^ Richard Stallman (April 28, 1996). [1561]"The FSF is no longer
sponsoring Debian". tech-insider.org. [1562]Archived from the original on
February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
145. [1563]^ [1564]"TiVo - GNU/Linux Source Code". Archived from [1565]the
original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
146. [1566]^ [1567]"About Debian". debian.org. December 8, 2013. [1568]Archived
from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
147. [1569]^ Andrew D. Balsa; et al. (October 17, 2009). [1570]"The linux-kernel
mailing list FAQ". vger.kernel.org. [1571]Archived from the original on
October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2013. "...we have tried to use the word
"Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and
GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many
people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of
kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general..".
148. [1572]^ Côrte-Real, Pedro (May 31, 2011). [1573]"How much GNU is there in
GNU/Linux?". Split Perspective. [1574]Archived from the original on February
7, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014. ([1575]self-published data)
External links[[1576]edit]
Linux at Wikipedia's [1577]sister projects
* [1578]Definitions from Wiktionary
* [1579]Media from Commons
* [1580]News from Wikinews
* [1581]Quotations from Wikiquote
* [1582]Texts from Wikisource
* [1583]Textbooks from Wikibooks
* [1584]Resources from Wikiversity
* [1585]Linux at [1586]Curlie
* [1587]Graphical map of Linux Internals (archived)
* [1588]Linux kernel website and archives
* [1589]The History of Linux in GIT Repository Format 1992-2010 (archived)
* [1590]v
* [1591]t
* [1592]e
Linux
[1593]Linux kernel
* [1594]History
* [1595]Linus's law
* [1596]Linux-libre
* [1597]Booting process
* [1598]Kernel oops
* [1599]Tux
* [1600]more...
Controversies
* [1601]Criticism of Linux
* [1602]Criticism of desktop Linux
* [1603]GNU/Linux naming controversy
* [1604]Tanenbaum-Torvalds debate
* [1605]SCO and Linux
[1606]Distributions
* [1607]General comparison
* [1608]Distributions list
* [1609]Netbook-specific comparison
* [1610]Distributions that run from RAM
* [1611]Lightweight
* [1612]Security-focused operating system
* [1613]Package manager
+ [1614]Package format
+ [1615]List of software package managers
Organizations
* [1616]LinuxChix
* [1617]Linux Counter
* [1618]Linux Documentation Project
* [1619]Linux Foundation
* [1620]Linux Mark Institute
* [1621]Linux User Group (LUG)
[1622]Adoption
* [1623]Adopters
* [1624]Desktop
* [1625]Embedded
* [1626]Gaming
* [1627]Mobile
* [1628]Range of use
* [1629]Linux malware
Media
* [1630]DistroWatch
* [1631]Free Software Magazine
* [1632]Full Circle
* [1633]Linux.com
* [1634]Linux Format
* [1635]Linux Gazette
* [1636]Linux Journal
* [1637]Linux Magazine
* [1638]LinuxUser
+ [1639]Ubuntu User
* [1640]Linux Outlaws
* [1641]Linux Voice
* [1642]LugRadio
* [1643]LWN.net
* [1644]Phoronix
* [1645]Revolution OS
* [1646]The Code
[1647]Professional related certifications
* [1648]CompTIA Linux+
* [1649]Linux Foundation
* [1650]Red Hat
* [1651]Ubuntu
* [1652]icon [1653]Linux portal
* [1654]Free and open-source software portal
* [1655]Category
* [1656]v
* [1657]t
* [1658]e
Contributors to the Linux operating system
[1659]Kernel
* [1660]H. Peter Anvin
* [1661]Jens Axboe
* [1662]Andries Brouwer
* [1663]Rémy Card
* [1664]Alan Cox
* [1665]Matthew Garrett
* [1666]Michael Kerrisk
* [1667]Con Kolivas
* [1668]Greg Kroah-Hartman
* [1669]Benson Leung
* [1670]Robert Love
* [1671]David S. Miller
* [1672]Ingo Molnár
* [1673]Andrew Morton
* [1674]Keith Packard
* [1675]Hans Reiser
* [1676]Rusty Russell
* [1677]Sage Sharp
* [1678]Linus Torvalds
* [1679]Theodore Ts'o
* [1680]Stephen Tweedie
* [1681]Sage Weil
* [1682]Harald Welte
* [1683]Chris Wright
[1684]GNU
* [1685]Alexandre Oliva
* [1686]Richard Stallman
* [1687]Michael Tiemann
[1688]Distributions
* [1689]Solar Designer
* [1690]Gaël Duval
* [1691]Marc Ewing
* [1692]Benjamin Mako Hill
* [1693]Peter MacDonald
* [1694]Ian Murdock
* [1695]Daniel Robbins
* [1696]Jane Silber
* [1697]Mark Shuttleworth
* [1698]Patrick Volkerding
* [1699]Bob Young
Other developers
* [1700]Timothee Besset
* [1701]Matthias Ettrich
* [1702]Olivier Fourdan
* [1703]Mark Galassi
* [1704]Jim Gettys
* [1705]Ryan C. Gordon
* [1706]Harald Hoyer
* [1707]Miguel de Icaza
* [1708]Havoc Pennington
* [1709]Lennart Poettering
* [1710]Kay Sievers
* [1711]Dave Taylor
* [1712]Jeff Waugh
Advocates
* [1713]Valerie Aurora
* [1714]Donna Benjamin
* [1715]Ken Coar
* [1716]Mary Gardiner
* [1717]Jon Hall
* [1718]Federico Heinz
* [1719]Bradley M. Kuhn
* [1720]Bruce Perens
* [1721]Eric S. Raymond
Others
* [1722]Pia Andrews
* [1723]Jono Bacon
* [1724]Keith Bergelt
* [1725]Pamela Jones
* [1726]Allison Randal
* [1727]Karen Sandler
* [1728]Dave Sifry
* [1729]Luis Villa
[1730]icon [1731]Linux portal
* [1732]v
* [1733]t
* [1734]e
[1735]Linux distributions
[1736]Android
* [1737]/e/
* [1738]Android-x86
* [1739]CalyxOS
* [1740]Celadon
* [1741]ColorOS
* [1742]DivestOS
* [1743]EMUI
* [1744]Fire OS
* [1745]GrapheneOS
* [1746]LineageOS
* [1747]MIUI
* [1748]One UI
* [1749]Paranoid Android
* [1750]PixelExperience
* [1751]Replicant
* [1752]Resurrection Remix OS
* [1753]OmniROM
[1754]Arch
* [1755]ArchBang
* [1756]ArchLabs
* [1757]Artix
* [1758]BlackArch
* [1759]EndeavourOS
* [1760]Frugalware
* [1761]Garuda
* [1762]Hyperbola GNU
* [1763]LinHES
* [1764]Manjaro
* [1765]Parabola GNU
* [1766]SteamOS (3.0 onwards)
* [1767]SystemRescue
[1768]Debian
[1769]Ubuntu
* Official: [1770]Edubuntu
* [1771]Kubuntu
* [1772]Lubuntu
* [1773]Ubuntu Budgie
* [1774]Ubuntu Cinnamon
* [1775]Ubuntu Kylin
* [1776]Ubuntu MATE
* [1777]Ubuntu Studio
* [1778]Ubuntu Unity
* [1779]Xubuntu
* Derivatives: [1780]BackBox
* [1781]Bodhi Linux
* [1782]elementary OS
* [1783]Emmabuntüs
* [1784]KDE neon
* [1785]Freespire
* [1786]Linux Lite
* [1787]Linux Mint
* [1788]LXLE Linux
* [1789]Nova OS
* [1790]Peppermint OS
* [1791]Pop! OS
* [1792]Trisquel
* [1793]Ubuntu Touch
* [1794]Uruk
* [1795]Zorin OS
Other
* [1796]antiX
* [1797]Astra
* [1798]Bharat Operating System Solutions
* [1799]BlankOn Linux
* [1800]Damn Small Linux
* [1801]deepin
* [1802]Devuan
* [1803]Elive
* [1804]Endless OS
* [1805]FreedomBox
* [1806]Kaisen
* [1807]Kali
* [1808]Kanotix
* [1809]Knoppix
* [1810]MX Linux
* [1811]Parrot OS
* [1812]PureOS
* [1813]Raspberry Pi OS
* [1814]Q4OS
* [1815]Slax
* [1816]SparkyLinux
* [1817]SolydXK
* [1818]SteamOS (1.0-2.0)
* [1819]Tails
* [1820]UOS
* [1821]Whonix
[1822]Fedora
* [1823]AlmaLinux
* [1824]Asahi
* [1825]CentOS Stream
* [1826]ClearOS
* [1827]EulerOS
* [1828]Linpus Linux
* [1829]MIRACLE LINUX
* [1830]Oracle Linux
* [1831]Qubes OS
* [1832]Red Hat Enterprise Linux
* [1833]Red Star OS
* [1834]Rocks Cluster Distribution
* [1835]Rocky Linux
* [1836]Sailfish OS
* [1837]Tizen
[1838]Gentoo
* [1839]Calculate Linux
* [1840]ChromiumOS
+ [1841]ChromeOS
* [1842]Pentoo
[1843]Mandriva
* [1844]ALT Linux
* [1845]Mageia
* [1846]OpenMandriva Lx
* [1847]PCLinuxOS
* [1848]ROSA Linux
[1849]Slackware
* [1850]Austrumi Linux
* [1851]Porteus
* [1852]Salix OS
* [1853]Slax
* [1854]Zenwalk
[1855]SUSE
* [1856]openSUSE
+ [1857]SUSE Linux Enterprise
o [1858]Open Enterprise Server
+ [1859]GeckoLinux
Other
* [1860]4MLinux
* [1861]Alpine
* [1862]CHAOS
* [1863]Chimera Linux
* [1864]Clear Linux OS
* [1865]CRUX
+ [1866]Kwort
* [1867]GoboLinux
* [1868]Guix SD
* [1869]KaiOS
* [1870]KaOS
* [1871]NixOS
* [1872]Puppy
* [1873]Source Mage
* [1874]Solus
* [1875]T2 SDE
* [1876]Tiny Core Linux
* [1877]Void
Discontinued
[1878]Debian
* Ubuntu: [1879]Asturix
* [1880]Black Lab Linux
* [1881]Cub Linux
* [1882]Gobuntu
* [1883]gOS
* [1884]Linux Caixa Mágica
* [1885]LinuxTLE
* [1886]Pinguy OS
* [1887]Sabily
* [1888]Ubuntu GNOME
* Other derivatives: [1889]BackTrack
* [1890]Corel Linux
* [1891]CrunchBang Linux
* [1892]DoudouLinux
* [1893]Dreamlinux
* [1894]Feather Linux
* [1895]gNewSense
* [1896]HandyLinux
* [1897]Libranet
* [1898]Musix GNU+Linux
* [1899]Parsix
* [1900]Sunwah Linux
[1901]Gentoo
* [1902]Container Linux
* [1903]Incognito
* [1904]Sabayon Linux
* [1905]xB Machine
[1906]Red Hat/[1907]Fedora
* [1908]BLAG Linux and GNU
* [1909]CentOS
* [1910]Korora
* [1911]Linux for PlayStation 2
* [1912]Scientific Linux
* [1913]Think Blue Linux
* [1914]Turbolinux
* [1915]Vine Linux
* [1916]Yellow Dog Linux
[1917]Slackware
* [1918]BioSLAX
* [1919]Damn Vulnerable Linux
* [1920]KateOS
* [1921]Kongoni
* [1922]NimbleX
* [1923]Platypux
* [1924]TopologiLinux
* [1925]VectorLinux
[1926]SUSE
* [1927]SUSE Studio Express
Other
* [1928]Antergos
* [1929]Caldera OpenLinux
* [1930]Chakra
* [1931]CyanogenMod
* [1932]DemoLinux
* [1933]Familiar Linux
* [1934]Firefox OS
+ [1935]B2G OS
* [1936]Floppyfw
* [1937]Foresight Linux
* [1938]Immunix
* [1939]Jurix
* [1940]Linux Router Project
* [1941]MCC Interim Linux
* [1942]MeeGo
+ [1943]Mer
* [1944]Mobilinux
* [1945]Nitix
* [1946]OpenELEC
* [1947]Red Hat Linux
* [1948]Remix OS
* [1949]Softlanding Linux System
* [1950]Sorcerer
* [1951]Splashtop OS
* [1952]Turkix
* [1953]List
* [1954]icon [1955]Linux portal
* [1956]Comparison
* [1957]Category
* [1958]v
* [1959]t
* [1960]e
[1961]Unix and [1962]Unix-like [1963]operating systems and [1964]compatibility
layers
* [1965]Architecture
* [1966]Filesystem
* [1967]History
* [1968]Philosophy
* [1969]Security
* [1970]Shell
[1971]Operating
systems
[1972]BSD
* [1973]386BSD
+ [1974]FreeBSD
+ [1975]NetBSD
+ [1976]OpenBSD
+ [1977]DragonFly BSD
* [1978]NeXTSTEP
* [1979]Darwin
+ [1980]macOS
+ [1981]iOS
+ [1982]audioOS
+ [1983]iPadOS
+ [1984]tvOS
+ [1985]watchOS
o [1986]bridgeOS
* [1987]SunOS
* [1988]Ultrix
Linux
* [1989]Android
* [1990]Arch
* [1991]ChromeOS
* [1992]Debian
* [1993]Fedora
* [1994]Gentoo
* [1995]Red Hat
* [1996]SUSE
* [1997]Ubuntu
* [1998]Other distributions
[1999]System V
* [2000]A/UX
* [2001]AIX
* [2002]HP-UX
* [2003]IRIX
* [2004]OpenServer
* [2005]Solaris
+ [2006]OpenSolaris
+ [2007]Illumos
* [2008]Tru64 UNIX
* [2009]UnixWare
Other
* [2010]Coherent
* [2011]Domain/OS
* [2012]GNU
+ [2013]Hurd
* [2014]LynxOS
* [2015]Minix
* [2016]MOS
* [2017]OSF/1
* [2018]QNX
+ [2019]BlackBerry 10
* [2020]Research Unix
* [2021]SerenityOS
* [2022]Xenix
* [2023]more...
[2024]Compatibility
layers
* [2025]Cygwin
* [2026]Darling
* [2027]Eunice
* [2028]GNV
* [2029]Interix
* [2030]MachTen
* [2031]Microsoft POSIX subsystem
* [2032]MKS Toolkit
* [2033]PASE
* [2034]P.I.P.S.
* [2035]PWS/VSE-AF
* [2036]UNIX System Services
* [2037]UserLAnd Technologies
* [2038]Windows Services for UNIX
* [2039]Windows Subsystem for Linux
* Italics indicate discontinued systems. [2040]Category
* [2041]Commons
* [2042]v
* [2043]t
* [2044]e
[2045]Free and open-source software
General
* [2046]Alternative terms for free software
* [2047]Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
* [2048]Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
* [2049]Free software
* [2050]Free software project directories
* [2051]Gratis versus libre
* [2052]Long-term support
* [2053]Open-source software
* [2054]Open-source software development
* [2055]Outline
* [2056]Timeline
[2057]Software
packages
* [2058]Audio
* [2059]Bioinformatics
* [2060]Codecs
* [2061]Configuration management
* [2062]Drivers
+ [2063]Graphics
+ [2064]Wireless
* [2065]Health
* [2066]Mathematics
* [2067]Office suites
* [2068]Operating systems
* [2069]Routing
* [2070]Television
* [2071]Video games
* [2072]Web applications
+ [2073]E-commerce
* [2074]Android apps
* [2075]iOS apps
* [2076]Commercial
* [2077]Formerly proprietary
* [2078]Formerly open-source
[2079]Community
* [2080]Free software movement
* [2081]History
* [2082]Open-source-software movement
* [2083]Events
* [2084]Advocacy
[2085]Organisations
* [2086]Free Software Movement of India
* [2087]Free Software Foundation
[2088]Licenses
* [2089]AFL
* [2090]Apache
* [2091]APSL
* [2092]Artistic
* [2093]Beerware
* [2094]BSD
* [2095]Creative Commons
* [2096]CDDL
* [2097]EPL
* [2098]Free Software Foundation
+ [2099]GNU GPL
+ [2100]GNU AGPL
+ [2101]GNU LGPL
* [2102]ISC
* [2103]MIT
* [2104]MPL
* [2105]Python
* [2106]Python Software Foundation License
* [2107]Shared Source Initiative
* [2108]Sleepycat
* [2109]Unlicense
* [2110]WTFPL
* [2111]zlib
Types and
standards
* [2112]Comparison of licenses
* [2113]Contributor License Agreement
* [2114]Copyleft
* [2115]Debian Free Software Guidelines
* [2116]Definition of Free Cultural Works
* [2117]Free license
* [2118]The Free Software Definition
* [2119]The Open Source Definition
* [2120]Open-source license
* [2121]Permissive software license
* [2122]Public domain
* [2123]Viral license
Challenges
* [2124]Digital rights management
* [2125]License proliferation
* [2126]Mozilla software rebranding
* [2127]Proprietary device drivers
* [2128]Proprietary firmware
* [2129]Proprietary software
* [2130]SCO/Linux controversies
* [2131]Software patents
* [2132]Software security
* [2133]Trusted Computing
Related
topics
* [2134]Forking
* [2135]GNU Manifesto
* [2136]Microsoft Open Specification Promise
* [2137]Open-core model
* [2138]Open-source hardware
* [2139]Shared Source Initiative
* [2140]Source-available software
* [2141]The Cathedral and the Bazaar
* [2142]Revolution OS
* [2143]Portal
* [2144]Category
* [2145]v
* [2146]t
* [2147]e
[2148]Operating systems
General
* [2149]Comparison
* [2150]Forensic engineering
* [2151]History
* [2152]List
* [2153]Timeline
* [2154]Usage share
* [2155]User features comparison
Variants
* [2156]Disk operating system
* [2157]Distributed operating system
* [2158]Embedded operating system
* [2159]Hobbyist operating system
* [2160]Just enough operating system
* [2161]Mobile operating system
* [2162]Network operating system
* [2163]Object-oriented operating system
* [2164]Real-time operating system
* [2165]Supercomputer operating system
[2166]Kernel
[2167]Architectures
* [2168]Exokernel
* [2169]Hybrid
* [2170]Microkernel
* [2171]Monolithic
* [2172]Multikernel
* [2173]vkernel
* [2174]Rump kernel
* [2175]Unikernel
Components
* [2176]Device driver
* [2177]Loadable kernel module
* [2178]User space and kernel space
[2179]Process management
Concepts
* [2180]Computer multitasking ([2181]Cooperative, [2182]Preemptive)
* [2183]Context switch
* [2184]Interrupt
* [2185]IPC
* [2186]Process
* [2187]Process control block
* [2188]Real-time
* [2189]Thread
* [2190]Time-sharing
[2191]Scheduling
algorithms
* [2192]Fixed-priority preemptive
* [2193]Multilevel feedback queue
* [2194]Round-robin
* [2195]Shortest job next
[2196]Memory management,
[2197]resource protection
* [2198]Bus error
* [2199]General protection fault
* [2200]Memory paging
* [2201]Memory protection
* [2202]Protection ring
* [2203]Segmentation fault
* [2204]Virtual memory
[2205]Storage access,
[2206]file systems
* [2207]Boot loader
* [2208]Defragmentation
* [2209]Device file
* [2210]File attribute
* [2211]Inode
* [2212]Journal
* [2213]Partition
* [2214]Virtual file system
* [2215]Virtual tape library
Supporting concepts
* [2216]API
* [2217]Computer network
* [2218]HAL
* [2219]Live CD
* [2220]Live USB
* [2221]Shell
+ [2222]CLI
+ [2223]User interface
* [2224]PXE
[2225]Authority control databases [2226]Edit this at Wikidata
International
* [2227]VIAF
National
* [2228]France
* [2229]BnF data
* [2230]Germany
* [2231]Israel
* [2232]United States
* [2233]Czech Republic
* [2234]Greece
Other
* [2235]IdRef
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"[2236]https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1221227562"
[2237]Categories:
* [2238]Linux
* [2239]1991 software
* [2240]Computing platforms
* [2241]Cross-platform software
* [2242]Finnish inventions
* [2243]Free software programmed in C
* [2244]Linus Torvalds
* [2245]Operating systems
* [2246]Unix variants
Hidden categories:
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1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#bodyContent
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
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14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
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16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search
20. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linux
21. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux
22. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linux
23. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux
24. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions
26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk
27. https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
28. https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
29. https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
30. https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5
31. https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
32. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3
33. https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
34. https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3
35. https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD
36. https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8
37. https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
38. https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
39. https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
40. https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8
41. https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
42. https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
43. https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
44. https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
45. https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
46. https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
47. https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
48. https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
49. https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
50. https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
51. https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
52. https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
53. https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
54. https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
55. https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
56. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
57. https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3
58. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
59. https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
60. https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
61. https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
62. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
63. https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
64. https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
65. https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
66. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
67. https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
68. https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
69. https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
70. https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4
71. https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD
72. https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
73. https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
74. https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
75. https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
76. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
77. https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
78. https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
79. https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
80. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
81. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1
82. https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
83. https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D
84. https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
85. https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
86. https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
87. https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
88. https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
89. https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
90. https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
91. https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
92. https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C
93. https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
94. https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux
95. https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
96. https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
97. https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
98. https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
99. https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
100. https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks.
101. https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
102. https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
103. https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
104. https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
105. https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
106. https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
107. https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3
108. https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
109. https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
110. https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
111. https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA
112. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
113. https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
114. https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
115. https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
116. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
117. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
118. https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
119. https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
120. https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8
121. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
122. https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8
123. https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3
124. https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85
125. https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
126. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
127. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
128. https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
129. https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)
130. https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
131. https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
132. https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
133. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
134. https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
135. https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
136. https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
137. https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
138. https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
139. https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
140. https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A
141. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
142. https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3
143. https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)
144. https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
145. https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
146. https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
147. https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
148. https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
149. https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
150. https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
151. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
152. https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
153. https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81
154. https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
155. https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
156. https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D
157. https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
158. https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C
159. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
160. https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
161. https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
162. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
163. https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3
164. https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
165. https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
166. https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
167. https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
168. https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
169. https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
170. https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
171. https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
172. https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
173. https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
174. https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1
175. https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
176. https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
177. https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
178. https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
179. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
180. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388#sitelinks-wikipedia
181. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
182. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Linux
183. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
184. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
185. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history
186. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
187. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
188. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history
189. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Linux
190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Linux
191. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
192. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
193. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1221227562
194. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=info
195. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Linux&id=1221227562&wpFormIdentifier=titleform
196. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux
197. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux
198. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388
199. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Linux&action=show-download-screen
200. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&printable=yes
201. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linux
202. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_Guide
203. https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Linux
204. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linux
205. https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Linux
206. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes
207. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Linux
208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
209. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(disambiguation)
210. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tux.svg
211. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux_(mascot)
212. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1
213. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer
214. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
215. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
216. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
217. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
218. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)
219. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
220. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
221. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repository_(version_control)
222. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
223. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
224. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_device
225. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer
226. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device
227. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
228. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)
229. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
230. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
231. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha
232. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC_(processor)
233. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture
234. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE
235. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon
236. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson
237. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M68k
238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblaze
239. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture
240. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nios_II
241. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRISC
242. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC
243. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC
244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V
245. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA/390
246. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH
247. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC
248. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
249. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtensa
250. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
252. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
254. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-7
255. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox
256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-10
257. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
258. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell
259. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
260. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
261. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
262. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI
263. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
264. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2
265. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-11
266. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-13
267. https://kernel.org/
268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
269. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
271. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Linux.ogg
272. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
273. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-pronunciation-2-14
274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software
275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
276. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
277. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
278. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-15
279. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
280. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
281. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-16
282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-17
283. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-18
284. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager
285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
286. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software
287. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
288. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
289. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
290. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
291. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy
292. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-19
293. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-20
294. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-21
295. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-22
296. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-23
297. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
298. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
299. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
300. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
301. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
302. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise
303. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
304. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
305. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
306. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
307. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
308. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma
309. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)
310. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
311. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack
312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
313. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-what-24
314. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
315. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_x86
316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
317. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware_platforms
318. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-25
319. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
320. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone
321. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
322. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system
323. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
324. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-26
325. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-27
326. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-28
327. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
328. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer
329. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-29
330. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook
331. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
332. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312
333. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop
334. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-30
335. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-31
336. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_iron_(computing)
337. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer
338. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500
339. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-32
340. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
341. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-33
342. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-34
343. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-35
344. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
345. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
346. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)
347. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
348. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_home_technology
349. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
350. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-LinuxDevices-36
351. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television
352. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV
353. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Smart_TVs-37
354. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-38
355. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-39
356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles
357. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_cars-40
358. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft
359. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9
360. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2
361. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)
362. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-auto-41
363. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-42
364. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software
365. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
366. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
367. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
368. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-43
369. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-44
370. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-what-24
371. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=1
372. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
373. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=2
374. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds_(cropped).jpg
375. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
376. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation
377. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs
378. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson
379. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie
380. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy
381. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossanna
382. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-45
383. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
384. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
385. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language
386. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
387. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-46
388. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_case
389. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources
390. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources
391. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
392. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret
393. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify
394. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_institution
395. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System
396. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company
397. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
398. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Vetter2021-47
399. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Tozzi2017-48
400. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Systems
401. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems
402. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University
403. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-49
404. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-50
405. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
406. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
407. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
408. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_announce-51
409. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
410. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
411. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler
412. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor
413. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)#Command-line_shells
414. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
415. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
416. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)
417. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
418. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd
419. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-52
420. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX
421. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
422. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science
423. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
424. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-minix-lic-53
425. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc.
426. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSD
427. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD
428. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
429. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
430. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_kernel
431. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-54
432. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-meta-55
433. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=3
434. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki
435. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-56
436. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroVAX
437. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
438. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation
439. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
440. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX
441. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-57
442. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-minix-lic-53
443. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
444. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
445. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation
446. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
447. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-58
448. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS
449. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems
450. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-59
451. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-60
452. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_history-61
453. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=4
454. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linux_0_12.jpg
455. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
456. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau
457. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile
458. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-fun-62
459. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
460. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUNET
461. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology
462. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-fun-62
463. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
464. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-pronunciation-2-14
465. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
466. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus-linux.ogg
467. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
468. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Pronounce-63
469. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
470. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel
471. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel
472. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=5
473. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption
474. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_23.10_Mantic_Minotaur_Desktop_English.png
475. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)
476. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexus_5X_(White).jpg
477. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5X
478. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
479. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA
480. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster
481. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell
482. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
483. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard
484. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
485. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-security-64
486. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
487. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
488. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-35
489. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-65
490. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
491. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-galli2007-66
492. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-paul2007-67
493. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-beer2007-68
494. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-applications2007-69
495. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-xitimonitor2007-70
496. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-globalstats2007-71
497. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-zeitgeist2004-72
498. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook
499. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
500. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone
501. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer
502. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology
503. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_gaming
504. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation
505. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
506. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Deck
507. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil
508. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-73
509. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items
510. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=6
511. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg
512. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment
513. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman
514. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-74
515. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%AB_Kooyman&action=edit&redlink=1
516. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-75
517. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-76
518. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management
519. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=7
520. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel#Architecture_and_features
521. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
522. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
523. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
524. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation#Induced_mutation
525. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-77
526. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
527. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-78
528. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill
529. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-79
530. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-80
531. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
532. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral
533. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
534. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
535. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-81
536. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
537. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc
538. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
539. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_toolchain
540. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
541. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities
542. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands
543. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
544. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
545. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
546. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
547. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-82
548. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
549. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
550. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
551. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
552. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice
553. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP
554. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software)
555. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_A.D._(video_game)
556. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
557. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
558. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC
559. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runit
560. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd
561. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)
562. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit
563. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)
564. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSH
565. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udevd
566. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
567. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
568. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
569. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SurfaceFlinger
570. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)
571. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software
572. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
573. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)
574. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries
575. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
576. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library
577. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK
578. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep
579. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
580. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fopen
581. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exec_(system_call)
582. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malloc
583. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcpy
584. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localtime
585. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pthread_create
586. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine
587. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc
588. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musl
589. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClibc
590. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)
591. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
592. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
593. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
594. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
595. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_(system_call)
596. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splice_(system_call)
597. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dup_(system_call)
598. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_(system_call)
599. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_(system_call)
600. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl
601. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_(system_call)
602. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap
603. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_(system_call)
604. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(system_call)
605. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
606. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
607. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
608. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-83
609. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
610. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
611. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management
612. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
613. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture
614. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure
615. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdev
616. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc
617. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
618. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper
619. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Network_Scheduler
620. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter
621. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules
622. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux
623. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux
624. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor
625. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smack_(Linux_security_module)
626. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
627. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
628. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
629. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-82
630. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-84
631. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader
632. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
633. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(bootloader)
634. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX
635. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd-boot
636. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_memory
637. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
638. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
639. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysvinit
640. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd
641. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC
642. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstart_(software)
643. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
644. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
645. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format
646. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_linker
647. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ld-linux.so
648. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_file
649. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
650. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library
651. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
652. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)
653. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
654. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
655. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musl
656. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLIBC
657. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClibc
658. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClinux
659. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)
660. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Linux
661. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox
662. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toybox
663. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit
664. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
665. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
666. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutter_(software)
667. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Project
668. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)
669. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Project
670. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Qt_Company
671. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries
672. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)
673. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager
674. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkg
675. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager
676. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)
677. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=8
678. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
679. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
680. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator
681. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_console
682. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
683. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Userland_(computing)
684. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
685. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_shell
686. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
687. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
688. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)
689. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)
690. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE
691. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_OS
692. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce
693. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_transparency
694. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-85
695. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server
696. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager
697. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager
698. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_window_manager
699. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_window_manager
700. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing_window_manager
701. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager
702. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwm
703. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratpoison
704. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3_(window_manager)
705. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)
706. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FVWM
707. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)
708. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker
709. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskbar
710. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(computing)
711. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software)
712. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin
713. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfwm
714. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
715. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-86
716. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-87
717. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=9
718. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video4Linux
719. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video4Linux
720. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB
721. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-88
722. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-89
723. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-90
724. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=10
725. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg
726. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
727. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
728. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
729. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
730. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-MarketShare09NOV-91
731. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license
732. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license
733. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
734. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-92
735. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability
736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-93
737. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
738. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-94
739. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base
740. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization
741. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute
742. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-95
743. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-96
744. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration
745. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(software)
746. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)
747. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZYpp
748. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager)
749. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)
750. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-97
751. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=11
752. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement
753. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_user_group
754. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
755. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat
756. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
757. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_S.A.
758. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE
759. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-98
760. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-99
761. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_User_Group
762. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat
763. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup
764. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum
765. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxQuestions.org
766. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
767. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
768. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list
769. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_disk
770. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-100
771. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-101
772. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-102
773. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel
774. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung
775. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
776. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD
777. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
778. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook
779. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-102
780. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_(company)
781. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_S.A.
782. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license
783. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis
784. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model
785. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
786. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_DOS
787. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS
788. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=12
789. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
790. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
791. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-103
792. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_toolchain
793. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
794. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Build_System
795. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)
796. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B
797. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)
798. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
799. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
800. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
801. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)
802. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)
803. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
804. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)
805. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)
806. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell
807. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLVM
808. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
809. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler
810. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Studio_(software)
811. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_XL_C/C%2B%2B_Compilers
812. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC
813. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming
814. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QB64
815. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureBasic
816. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabasic
817. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLBasic
818. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4GL
819. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBasic
820. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WxBasic
821. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdlBasic
822. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic-256
823. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_oriented_programming
824. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambas
825. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBASIC
826. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B4X
827. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_for_Qt&action=edit&redlink=1
828. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Object_Basic
829. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Basic
830. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProvideX
831. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunk_Basic
832. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidQ
833. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xojo
834. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)
835. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Pascal
836. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal
837. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Pascal
838. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(software)
839. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PascalABC.NET
840. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(software)
841. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireMonkey
842. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Kylix
843. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language
844. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script
845. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK
846. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed
847. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
848. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression
849. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep
850. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locate_(Unix)
851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail
852. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness
853. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs
854. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp
855. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
856. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
857. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)
858. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)
859. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language
860. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)
861. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure
862. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages
863. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)
864. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)
865. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)
866. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guile_(programming_language)
867. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language
868. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_typing
869. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy
870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming
871. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding
872. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine
873. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)
874. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe
875. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikes_RVM
876. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)
877. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)
878. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy
879. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages
880. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE
881. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
882. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)
883. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_integrated_development_environments
884. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment
885. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta
886. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code::Blocks
887. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeLite
888. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)
889. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany
890. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo
891. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDevelop
892. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(software)
893. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonoDevelop
894. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans
895. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Creator
896. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)
897. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_nano
898. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
899. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-104
900. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=13
901. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg
902. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures
903. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
904. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family
905. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Z
906. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset
907. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)
908. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086
909. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286
910. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CClinux
911. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit
912. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh
913. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-105
914. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-106
915. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC
916. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel
917. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon
918. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant
919. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
920. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player
921. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-107
922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(meeting)
923. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomHEC
924. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-108
925. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-linuxhw-109
926. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=14
927. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_range_of_use
928. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=15
929. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption
930. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
931. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-110
932. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-111
933. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-112
934. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in
935. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-113
936. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-114
937. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics
938. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
939. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer
940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
941. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-29
943. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-115
944. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
945. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-116
946. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-117
947. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
948. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
949. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-118
950. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-119
951. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Corporation
952. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux-watch.com_IDC's_Q1_2007_report-120
953. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatCounter
954. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-121
955. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
956. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-122
957. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
958. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
959. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-123
960. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)
961. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-124
962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-125
963. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation
964. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar
965. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital
966. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic
967. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-126
968. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-127
969. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-128
970. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-129
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972. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala
973. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-131
974. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-132
975. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
976. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson
977. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-133
978. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France
979. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany
980. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-134
981. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_OS
982. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
983. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-135
984. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=16
985. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy
986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes
987. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
988. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-136
989. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License
990. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server
991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
992. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-137
993. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-138
994. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
995. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-139
996. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-140
997. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
998. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_lines_of_code
999. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-estimating_size-141
1000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCOMO
1001. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-142
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1004. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)
1005. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
1006. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script
1007. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-estimating_size-141
1008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-143
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1010. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinuxWasch3.jpg
1011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-144
1012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-US_trademark-12
1013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-145
1014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute
1015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-146
1016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-147
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1018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
1019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-19
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1027. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisquel_GNU/Linux
1028. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre
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1030. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNewSense
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1038. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions
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1061. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit
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1064. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Coreutils
1065. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-8
1066. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
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1072. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_ref-32
1073. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500
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1661. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Axboe
1662. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Brouwer
1663. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card
1664. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)
1665. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Garrett
1666. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kerrisk
1667. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kolivas
1668. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman
1669. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Leung
1670. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Love
1671. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Miller
1672. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r
1673. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)
1674. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Packard
1675. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reiser
1676. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Russell
1677. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Sharp
1678. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
1679. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o
1680. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie
1681. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Weil
1682. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte
1683. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)
1684. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
1685. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva
1686. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
1687. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tiemann
1688. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
1689. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Designer
1690. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Duval
1691. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ewing
1692. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill
1693. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(computer_programmer)
1694. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murdock
1695. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)
1696. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Silber
1697. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth
1698. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding
1699. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)
1700. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothee_Besset
1701. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ettrich
1702. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Fourdan
1703. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Galassi
1704. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gettys
1705. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_C._Gordon
1706. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hoyer
1707. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza
1708. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoc_Pennington
1709. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Poettering
1710. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Sievers
1711. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(game_programmer)
1712. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Waugh
1713. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Aurora
1714. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Benjamin
1715. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Coar
1716. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gardiner
1717. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)
1718. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Heinz
1719. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn
1720. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Perens
1721. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
1722. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Andrews
1723. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono_Bacon
1724. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Bergelt
1725. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Jones
1726. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Randal
1727. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Sandler
1728. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sifry
1729. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Villa
1730. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewTux.svg
1731. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linux
1732. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Linux_distributions
1733. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_distributions
1734. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_distributions
1735. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
1736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
1737. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//e/_(operating_system)
1738. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86
1739. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalyxOS
1740. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86#Project_Celadon
1741. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColorOS
1742. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivestOS
1743. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMUI
1744. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_OS
1745. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrapheneOS
1746. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LineageOS
1747. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIUI
1748. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_UI
1749. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_Android_(operating_system)
1750. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PixelExperience
1751. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)
1752. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS
1753. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniROM
1754. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
1755. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchBang
1756. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchLabs
1757. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artix_Linux
1758. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackArch
1759. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EndeavourOS
1760. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugalware_Linux
1761. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Linux
1762. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre
1763. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinHES
1764. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjaro
1765. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre
1766. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
1767. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemRescue
1768. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1769. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
1770. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edubuntu
1771. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubuntu
1772. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuntu
1773. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Budgie
1774. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Cinnamon
1775. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Kylin
1776. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_MATE
1777. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Studio
1778. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Unity
1779. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubuntu
1780. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackBox
1781. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Linux
1782. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_OS
1783. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmabunt%C3%BCs
1784. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_neon
1785. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freespire
1786. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Lite
1787. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mint
1788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXLE_Linux
1789. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(operating_system)
1790. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint_OS
1791. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop!_OS
1792. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisquel
1793. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch
1794. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_GNU/Linux
1795. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorin_OS
1796. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AntiX
1797. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Linux
1798. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions
1799. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlankOn_Linux
1800. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux
1801. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepin
1802. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devuan
1803. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elive
1804. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_OS
1805. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomBox
1806. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisen_Linux
1807. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux
1808. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanotix
1809. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoppix
1810. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_Linux
1811. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_OS
1812. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureOS
1813. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS
1814. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q4OS
1815. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slax
1816. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SparkyLinux
1817. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolydXK
1818. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
1819. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)
1820. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Operating_System
1821. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whonix
1822. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1823. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlmaLinux
1824. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Linux
1825. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS_Stream
1826. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearOS
1827. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EulerOS
1828. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linpus_Linux
1829. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Linux
1830. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Linux
1831. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubes_OS
1832. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
1833. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_OS
1834. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks_Cluster_Distribution
1835. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Linux
1836. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish_OS
1837. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen
1838. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1839. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculate_Linux
1840. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromiumOS
1841. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
1842. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoo
1843. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandriva_Linux
1844. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALT_Linux
1845. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mageia
1846. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMandriva_Lx
1847. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCLinuxOS
1848. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSA_Linux
1849. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware
1850. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumi_Linux
1851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteus_(operating_system)
1852. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_OS
1853. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slax
1854. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenwalk
1855. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1856. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE
1857. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise
1858. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Enterprise_Server
1859. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeckoLinux
1860. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4MLinux
1861. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
1862. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAOS_(operating_system)
1863. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_Linux
1864. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Linux_OS
1865. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRUX
1866. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwort_Linux
1867. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoboLinux
1868. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix_System
1869. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS
1870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaOS
1871. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NixOS
1872. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux
1873. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Mage
1874. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solus_(operating_system)
1875. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_SDE
1876. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux
1877. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Linux
1878. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1879. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturix
1880. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lab_Linux
1881. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Linux
1882. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobuntu
1883. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOS_(operating_system)
1884. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Caixa_M%C3%A1gica
1885. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxTLE
1886. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguy_OS
1887. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabily
1888. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_GNOME
1889. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackTrack
1890. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corel_Linux
1891. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux
1892. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoudouLinux
1893. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlinux
1894. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_Linux
1895. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNewSense
1896. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HandyLinux
1897. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libranet
1898. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musix_GNU%2BLinux
1899. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsix
1900. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwah_Linux
1901. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1902. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_Linux
1903. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incognito_(operating_system)
1904. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabayon_Linux
1905. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB_Machine
1906. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
1907. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1908. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAG_Linux_and_GNU
1909. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS
1910. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korora_(operating_system)
1911. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_for_PlayStation_2
1912. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Linux
1913. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Blue_Linux
1914. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbolinux
1915. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_Linux
1916. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux
1917. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware
1918. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioSLAX
1919. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Vulnerable_Linux
1920. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KateOS
1921. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoni_(operating_system)
1922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NimbleX
1923. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypux
1924. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopologiLinux
1925. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VectorLinux
1926. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1927. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Studio
1928. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antergos
1929. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux
1930. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra_(operating_system)
1931. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod
1932. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DemoLinux
1933. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_Linux
1934. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS
1935. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS#B2G_OS
1936. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppyfw
1937. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresight_Linux
1938. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunix
1939. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurix
1940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Router_Project
1941. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCC_Interim_Linux
1942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGo
1943. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)
1944. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilinux
1945. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitix
1946. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenELEC
1947. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
1948. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_OS
1949. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softlanding_Linux_System
1950. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcerer_(operating_system)
1951. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashtop_OS
1952. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkix
1953. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions
1954. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewTux.svg
1955. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linux
1956. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions
1957. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_distributions
1958. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unix
1959. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Unix
1960. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix
1961. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
1962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
1963. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
1964. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_layer
1965. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_architecture
1966. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_filesystem
1967. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix
1968. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy
1969. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_security
1970. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell
1971. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
1972. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
1973. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSD
1974. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
1975. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD
1976. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
1977. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSD
1978. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP
1979. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)
1980. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
1981. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
1982. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AudioOS
1983. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS
1984. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS
1985. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS
1986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BridgeOS
1987. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS
1988. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
1989. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
1990. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
1991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
1992. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1993. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1994. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1995. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
1996. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1997. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
1998. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions
1999. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V
2000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/UX
2001. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX
2002. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX
2003. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX
2004. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenServer
2005. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Solaris
2006. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris
2007. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos
2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru64_UNIX
2009. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWare
2010. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)
2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain/OS
2012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd
2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LynxOS
2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix
2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)
2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF/1
2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX
2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10
2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Unix
2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SerenityOS
2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems
2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_layer
2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygwin
2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_(software)
2027. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_(software)
2028. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility
2029. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interix
2030. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MachTen
2031. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem
2032. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKS_Toolkit
2033. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i#PASE
2034. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.I.P.S.
2035. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF
2036. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Services
2037. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies
2038. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX
2039. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux
2040. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix
2041. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix
2042. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:FOSS
2043. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS
2044. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS
2045. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software
2046. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software
2047. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software
2048. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities
2049. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
2050. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories
2051. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre
2052. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_support
2053. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
2054. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_development
2055. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_free_software
2056. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software
2057. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
2058. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio
2059. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software
2060. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs
2061. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software
2062. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
2063. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver
2064. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers
2065. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software
2066. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics
2067. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_office_suites
2068. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems
2069. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms
2070. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_television_software
2071. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games
2072. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications
2073. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software
2074. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications
2075. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications
2076. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services
2077. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software
2078. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software
2079. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice
2080. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement
2081. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software
2082. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source-software_movement
2083. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-software_events
2084. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy
2085. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations
2086. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India
2087. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
2088. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-software_license
2089. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Free_License
2090. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License
2091. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License
2092. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_License
2093. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerware
2094. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenses
2095. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license
2096. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License
2097. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License
2098. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
2099. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
2100. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License
2101. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License
2102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license
2103. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
2104. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License
2105. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_License
2106. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License
2107. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative
2108. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepycat_License
2109. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlicense
2110. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTFPL
2111. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib_License
2112. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses
2113. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement
2114. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
2115. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines
2116. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works
2117. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_license
2118. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition
2119. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition
2120. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license
2121. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_software_license
2122. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain
2123. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_license
2124. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
2125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_proliferation
2126. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian
2127. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver
2128. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_firmware
2129. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
2130. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes
2131. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software
2132. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_security
2133. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing
2134. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)
2135. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Manifesto
2136. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise
2137. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-core_model
2138. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware
2139. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative
2140. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-available_software
2141. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
2142. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_OS
2143. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software
2144. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_software
2145. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Operating_systems
2146. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems
2147. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems
2148. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
2149. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
2150. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering
2151. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems
2152. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
2153. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems
2154. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
2155. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems
2156. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_operating_system
2157. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_operating_system
2158. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system
2159. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system
2160. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system
2161. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
2162. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operating_system
2163. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system
2164. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
2165. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system
2166. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
2167. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
2168. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exokernel
2169. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_kernel
2170. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
2171. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
2172. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikernel
2173. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vkernel
2174. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_kernel
2175. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
2176. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
2177. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module
2178. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
2179. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
2180. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
2181. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
2182. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)
2183. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
2184. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
2185. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
2186. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
2187. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control_block
2188. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
2189. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)
2190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing
2191. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
2192. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling
2193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue
2194. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling
2195. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_job_next
2196. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)
2197. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_resource
2198. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_error
2199. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault
2200. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging
2201. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection
2202. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring
2203. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
2204. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
2205. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
2206. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
2207. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER
2208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation
2209. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file
2210. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_attribute
2211. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
2212. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system
2213. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning
2214. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
2215. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tape_library
2216. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
2217. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
2218. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_abstraction
2219. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
2220. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USB
2221. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
2222. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
2223. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
2224. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment
2225. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control
2226. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388#identifiers
2227. https://viaf.org/viaf/185985901
2228. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124906479
2229. https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124906479
2230. https://d-nb.info/gnd/4337730-0
2231. http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007289819405171
2232. https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94087892
2233. https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117043&CON_LNG=ENG
2234. https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record51688
2235. https://www.idref.fr/034116125
2236. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1221227562
2237. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category
2238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux
2239. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1991_software
2240. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computing_platforms
2241. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cross-platform_software
2242. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_inventions
2243. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_software_programmed_in_C
2244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linus_Torvalds
2245. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_systems
2246. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix_variants
2247. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension
2248. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list
2249. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list
2250. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links
2251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024
2252. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description
2253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata
2254. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2016
2255. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2020
2256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English
2257. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations
2258. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2022
2259. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements
2260. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_2024
2261. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2017
2262. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references
2263. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2023
2264. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA
2265. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time
2266. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2024
2267. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022
2268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_February_2024
2269. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2015
2270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2020
2271. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013
2272. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2021
2273. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2002
2274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2011
2275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search
2276. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Curlie_links
2277. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers
2278. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers
2279. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers
2280. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers
2281. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers
2282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers
2283. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers
2284. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLG_identifiers
2285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers
2286. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License
2287. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use
2288. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
2289. https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/
2290. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
2291. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
2292. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer
2293. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
2294. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct
2295. https://developer.wikimedia.org/
2296. https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org
2297. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement
2298. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
2299. https://wikimediafoundation.org/
2300. https://www.mediawiki.org/
Hidden links:
2302. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
2303. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#History
2304. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Precursors
2305. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Creation
2306. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Naming
2307. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Commercial_and_popular_uptake
2308. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Current_development[when?]
2309. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Design
2310. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#User_interface
2311. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Video_input_infrastructure
2312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Development
2313. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Community
2314. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Programming_on_Linux
2315. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Hardware_support
2316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Uses
2317. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Market_share_and_uptake
2318. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming
2319. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#See_also
2320. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Notes
2321. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#References
2322. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#External_links
2323. https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF
2324. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/En-us-Linux.ogg/En-us-Linux.ogg.mp3
2325. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3
2326. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg
2327. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg
2328. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License
Usage: http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/URL
e.g. http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/http://www.kk-software.de
Errormessages are in German, sorry ;-)