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* (Top)
* 1History
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* 1.1Precursors
1.2Creation
1.3Naming
1.4Commercial and popular uptake
1.5Current development^[when?]
2Design
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* 2.1User interface
2.2Video input infrastructure
3Development
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* 3.1Community
3.2Programming on Linux
4Hardware support
5Uses
6Market share and uptake
7Copyright, trademark, and naming
8See also
9Notes
10References
11External links
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the [206]latest accepted revision, [207]reviewed on 29 April 2024.
Family of Unix-like operating systems
This article is about the family of operating systems. For the kernel, see
[208]Linux kernel. For other uses, see [209]Linux (disambiguation).
CAPTION: Linux
[210]Tux the penguin
[211]Tux the penguin, the mascot of Linux^[212][1]
[213]Developer Community contributors,
[214]Linus Torvalds
[215]Written in [216]C, [217]assembly languages, [218]Rust and others
OS family [219]Unix-like
Working state Current
Source model [220]Open source
Initial release September 17, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-09-17)
[221]Repository [222]git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
Marketing target [223]Cloud computing, [224]embedded devices, [225]mainframe
computers, [226]mobile devices, [227]personal computers, [228]servers,
[229]supercomputers
[230]Available in Multilingual
Platforms [231]Alpha, [232]ARC, [233]ARM, [234]C-Sky, [235]Hexagon,
[236]LoongArch, [237]m68k, [238]Microblaze, [239]MIPS, [240]Nios II,
[241]OpenRISC, [242]PA-RISC, [243]PowerPC, [244]RISC-V, [245]s390, [246]SuperH,
[247]SPARC, [248]x86, [249]Xtensa
[250]Kernel type [251]Monolithic
[252]Userland [253]GNU,^[254][a] [255]BusyBox^[256][b]
[257]Default
user interface
* [258]Unix shell ([259]CLI)
* Most [260]distributions include a [261]desktop environment ([262]GUI).
[263]License [264]GPLv2^[265][9]^[266][c]
Official website [267]kernel.org
Articles in the series
[268]Linux kernel
[269]Linux distribution
Linux ([270]/|lInUks/ [271]LIN-uuks)^[272][11] is a family of [273]open-source
[274]Unix-like [275]operating systems based on the [276]Linux kernel,^[277][12]
an [278]operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by
[279]Linus Torvalds.^[280][13]^[281][14]^[282][15] Linux is typically
[283]packaged as a [284]Linux distribution (distro), which includes the kernel
and supporting [285]system software and [286]libraries, many of which are
provided by the [287]GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux"
in their name, but the [288]Free Software Foundation uses and recommends the name
"GNU/Linux" to emphasize the use and importance of [289]GNU software in many
distributions, [290]causing some controversy.^[291][16]^[292][17]
Popular Linux distributions^[293][18]^[294][19]^[295][20] include [296]Debian,
[297]Fedora Linux, [298]Arch Linux, and [299]Ubuntu. Commercial distributions
include [300]Red Hat Enterprise Linux and [301]SUSE Linux Enterprise. Desktop
Linux distributions include a [302]windowing system such as [303]X11 or
[304]Wayland and a [305]desktop environment such as [306]GNOME or [307]KDE
Plasma. Distributions intended for [308]servers may not have a [309]graphical
user interface at all, or include a [310]solution stack such as [311]LAMP.
Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any
purpose.^[312][21]
Linux was originally developed for [313]personal computers based on the
[314]Intel x86 architecture, but has since been [315]ported to more
[316]platforms than any other operating system.^[317][22] Because of the
dominance of Linux-based [318]Android on [319]smartphones, Linux, including
Android, has the [320]largest installed base of all [321]general-purpose
operating systems as of May 2022^[322][update].^[323][23]^[324][24]^[325][25]
Linux is, as of March 2024^[326][update], used by around 4 percent of
[327]desktop computers,^[328][26] the [329]Chromebook, which runs the Linux
kernel-based [330]ChromeOS, dominates the US [331]K-12 education market and
represents nearly 20 percent of sub-$300 [332]notebook sales in the US.^[333][27]
Linux is the leading operating system on servers (over 96.4% of the top one
million web servers' operating systems are Linux),^[334][28] leads other [335]big
iron systems such as [336]mainframe computers, and is used on all of the
[337]world's 500 fastest supercomputers^[338][d] (as of November
2017^[339][update], having gradually displaced all
competitors).^[340][29]^[341][30]^[342][31]
Linux also runs on [343]embedded systems, i.e., devices whose operating system is
typically built into the [344]firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This
includes [345]routers, [346]automation controls, [347]smart home devices,
[348]video game consoles,^[349][32] [350]televisions (Samsung and LG [351]Smart
TVs),^[352][33]^[353][34]^[354][35] [355]automobiles (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz,
Hyundai, and Toyota),^[356][36] and [357]spacecraft ([358]Falcon 9 rocket,
[359]Dragon crew capsule, and the [360]Perseverance rover).^[361][37]^[362][38]
Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source [363]software
collaboration. The [364]source code may be used, modified, and distributed
commercially or non-commercially by anyone under the terms of its respective
licenses, such as the [365]GNU General Public License (GPL). The Linux kernel,
for example, is licensed under the GPLv2, with an exception for [366]system calls
that allows code that calls the kernel via system calls not to be licensed under
the GPL.^[367][39]^[368][40]^[369][21]
History[[370]edit]
Main article: [371]History of Linux
Precursors[[372]edit]
[373][170px-Linus_Torvalds_%28cropped%29.jpg] Linus Torvalds, principal author of
the Linux kernel
The [374]Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at
[375]AT&T's [376]Bell Labs, in the United States by [377]Ken Thompson,
[378]Dennis Ritchie, [379]Douglas McIlroy, and [380]Joe Ossanna.^[381][41] First
released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in [382]assembly language, as was
common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach, it was
rewritten in the [383]C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (except for some
hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a [384]high-level language
implementation of Unix made its [385]porting to different computer platforms
easier.^[386][42]
Due to an earlier [387]antitrust case^[[388]specify] forbidding it^[[389]specify]
from entering the computer business, AT&T licensed the operating system's
[390]source code as a [391]trade secret to anyone who asked.^[[392]clarification
needed] As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by [393]academic
institutions and businesses. In 1984, [394]AT&T divested itself of its
[395]regional operating companies, and was released from its obligation not to
enter the computer business; freed of that obligation, Bell Labs began selling
Unix as a [396]proprietary product, where users were not legally allowed to
modify it.^[397][43]^[398][44]
[399]Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in
1980. Later, [400]Sun Microsystems, founded as a spin-off of a student project at
[401]Stanford University, also began selling Unix-based desktop workstations in
1982. While Sun workstations did not use commodity PC hardware, for which Linux
was later originally developed, it represented the first successful commercial
attempt at distributing a primarily single-user microcomputer that ran a Unix
operating system.^[402][45]^[403][46]
With Unix increasingly "locked in" as a proprietary product, the [404]GNU
Project, started in 1983 by [405]Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a
"complete Unix-compatible software system" composed entirely of [406]free
software. Work began in 1984.^[407][47] Later, in 1985, Stallman started the
[408]Free Software Foundation and wrote the [409]GNU General Public License (GNU
GPL) in 1989. By the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating
system (such as libraries, [410]compilers, [411]text editors, a [412]command-line
shell, and a [413]windowing system) were completed, although low-level elements
such as [414]device drivers, [415]daemons, and the [416]kernel, called [417]GNU
Hurd, were stalled and incomplete.^[418][48]
[419]MINIX was created by [420]Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a [421]computer science
professor, and released in 1987 as a minimal Unix-like operating system targeted
at students and others who wanted to learn operating system principles. Although
the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms
prevented it from being [422]free software until the licensing changed in April
2000.^[423][49]
Although not released until 1992, due to [424]legal complications, the
development of [425]386BSD, from which [426]NetBSD, [427]OpenBSD and [428]FreeBSD
descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate
occasions that if the [429]GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time
(1991), he probably would not have created Linux.^[430][50]^[431][51]
Creation[[432]edit]
While attending the [433]University of Helsinki in the fall of 1990, Torvalds
enrolled in a Unix course.^[434][52] The course used a [435]MicroVAX minicomputer
running [436]Ultrix, and one of the required texts was [437]Operating Systems:
Design and Implementation by [438]Andrew S. Tanenbaum. This textbook included a
copy of Tanenbaum's [439]MINIX operating system. It was with this course that
Torvalds first became exposed to Unix. In 1991, he became curious about operating
systems.^[440][53] Frustrated by the licensing of MINIX, which at the time
limited it to educational use only,^[441][49] he began to work on his operating
system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel.
On July 3, 1991, to implement Unix [442]system calls, Linus Torvalds attempted
unsuccessfully to obtain a digital copy of the [443]POSIX standards
[444]documentation with a request to the comp.os.minix [445]newsgroup.^[446][54]
After not finding the POSIX documentation, Torvalds initially resorted to
determining system calls from [447]SunOS documentation owned by the university
for use in operating its [448]Sun Microsystems server. He also learned some
system calls from Tanenbaum's MINIX text.
Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications
written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux
kernel development took place on Linux systems.^[449][55] GNU applications also
replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely
available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code
licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as
they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated
a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution,
to the GNU GPL.^[450][56] Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the
Linux kernel, creating a fully functional and free operating system.^[451][57]
Naming[[452]edit]
[453][220px-Linux_0_12.jpg] 5.25-inch [454]floppy disks holding a very early
version of Linux
Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a [455]portmanteau of
"free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work
on the system, some of the project's [456]makefiles included the name "Freax" for
about half a year. Initially, Torvalds considered the name "Linux" but dismissed
it as too egotistical.^[457][58]
To facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the [458]FTP server
(ftp.funet.fi) of [459]FUNET in September 1991. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at
the [460]Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) who was one of the volunteer
administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a
good name, so he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting
Torvalds.^[461][58] Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux".
According to a [462]newsgroup post by Torvalds,^[463][11] the word "Linux" should
be pronounced ([464]/|lInUks/ ^[465]i-o [466]LIN-uuks) with a short 'i' as in
'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should
be pronounced, he included an audio guide with the kernel source code.^[467][59]
However, in this recording, he pronounces Linux as /|linUks/ ([468]LEEN-uuks)
with a short but [469]close front unrounded vowel, instead of a [470]near-close
near-front unrounded vowel as in his newsgroup post.
Commercial and popular uptake[[471]edit]
Main article: [472]Linux adoption
[473][220px-Ubuntu_23.10_Mantic_Minotaur_Desktop_English.png] [474]Ubuntu, a
popular Linux distribution[475][220px-Nexus_5X_%28White%29.jpg] [476]Nexus 5X
running [477]Android
The adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by
hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid-1990s in the supercomputing
community, where organizations such as [478]NASA started to replace their
increasingly expensive machines with [479]clusters of inexpensive commodity
computers running Linux. Commercial use began when [480]Dell and [481]IBM,
followed by [482]Hewlett-Packard, started offering Linux support to escape
[483]Microsoft's monopoly in the desktop operating system market.^[484][60]
Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from [485]embedded systems to
virtually all [486]supercomputers,^[487][31]^[488][61] and have secured a place
in server installations such as the popular [489]LAMP application stack. The use
of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been
growing.^[490][62]^[491][63]^[492][64]^[493][65]^[494][66]^[495][67]^[496][68]
Linux distributions have also become popular in the [497]netbook market, with
many devices shipping with customized Linux distributions installed, and Google
releasing their own [498]ChromeOS designed for netbooks.
Linux's greatest success in the consumer market is perhaps the mobile device
market, with Android being the dominant operating system on [499]smartphones and
very popular on [500]tablets and, more recently, on [501]wearables. [502]Linux
gaming is also on the rise with [503]Valve showing its support for Linux and
rolling out [504]SteamOS, its own gaming-oriented Linux distribution, which was
later implemented in their [505]Steam Deck platform. Linux distributions have
also gained popularity with various local and national governments, such as the
federal government of [506]Brazil.^[507][69]
Current development^[[508]when?][[509]edit]
[510][220px-In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg] [511]In-flight entertainment
system booting up displaying the Linux logo
Linus Torvalds is the lead maintainer for the Linux kernel and guides its
development, while [512]Greg Kroah-Hartman is the lead maintainer for the stable
branch.^[513][70] [514]Zoë Kooyman is the executive director of the Free Software
Foundation,^[515][71] which in turn supports the GNU components.^[516][72]
Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components.
These third-party components comprise a vast body of work and may include both
kernel modules and user applications and libraries.
Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components,
and non-GNU components, with additional [517]package management software in the
form of Linux distributions.
Design[[518]edit]
See also: [519]Linux kernel § Architecture and features
Many developers of [520]open-source software agree that the Linux kernel was not
designed but rather [521]evolved through [522]natural selection. Torvalds
considers that although the design of Unix served as a scaffolding, "Linux grew
with a lot of mutations - and because the mutations were less than random, they
were faster and more directed than [523]alpha-particles in DNA".^[524][73]
[525]Eric S. Raymond considers Linux's revolutionary aspects to be social, not
technical: before Linux, complex software was designed carefully by small groups,
but "Linux evolved in a completely different way. From nearly the beginning, it
was rather casually hacked on by huge numbers of volunteers coordinating only
through the Internet. Quality was maintained not by rigid standards or autocracy
but by the naively simple strategy of releasing every week and getting feedback
from hundreds of users within days, creating a sort of rapid Darwinian selection
on the mutations introduced by developers".^[526][74] [527]Bryan Cantrill, an
engineer of a competing OS, agrees that "Linux wasn't designed, it evolved", but
considers this to be a limitation, proposing that some features, especially those
related to security,^[528][75] cannot be evolved into, "this is not a biological
system at the end of the day, it's a software system".^[529][76]
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of
its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s.
Such a system uses a [530]monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles
process control, networking, access to the [531]peripherals, and [532]file
systems. [533]Device drivers are either integrated directly with the kernel or
added as modules that are loaded while the system is running.^[534][77]
The GNU [535]userland is a key part of most systems based on the Linux kernel,
with Android being the notable exception. The [536]GNU C library, an
implementation of the [537]C standard library, works as a wrapper for the system
calls of the Linux kernel necessary to the kernel-userspace interface, the
[538]toolchain is a broad collection of programming tools vital to Linux
development (including the [539]compilers used to build the Linux kernel itself),
and the [540]coreutils implement many basic [541]Unix tools. The GNU Project also
develops [542]Bash, a popular [543]CLI shell. The [544]graphical user interface
(or GUI) used by most Linux systems is built on top of an implementation of the
[545]X Window System.^[546][78] More recently, the Linux community has sought to
advance to [547]Wayland as the new display server protocol, in place of X11. Many
other open-source software projects contribute to Linux systems.
CAPTION: Various layers within Linux, also showing separation between the
[548]userland and [549]kernel space
User mode User applications [550]bash, [551]LibreOffice, [552]GIMP, [553]Blender,
[554]0 A.D., [555]Mozilla Firefox, ...
System components [556]init daemon:
[557]OpenRC, [558]runit, [559]systemd... [560]System daemons:
[561]polkitd, [562]smbd, [563]sshd, [564]udevd... [565]Window manager:
[566]X11, [567]Wayland, [568]SurfaceFlinger (Android) Graphics:
[569]Mesa, [570]AMD Catalyst, ... Other libraries:
[571]GTK, [572]Qt, [573]EFL, [574]SDL, [575]SFML, [576]FLTK, [577]GNUstep, ...
[578]C standard library [579]fopen, [580]execv, [581]malloc, [582]memcpy,
[583]localtime, [584]pthread_create... (up to 2000 [585]subroutines)
[586]glibc aims to be fast, [587]musl aims to be lightweight, [588]uClibc targets
embedded systems, [589]bionic was written for [590]Android, etc. All aim to be
[591]POSIX/[592]SUS-compatible.
Kernel mode [593]Linux kernel [594]stat, [595]splice, [596]dup, [597]read,
[598]open, [599]ioctl, [600]write, [601]mmap, [602]close, [603]exit, etc. (about
380 system calls)
The Linux kernel [604]System Call Interface (SCI), aims to be
[605]POSIX/[606]SUS-compatible^[607][79]
[608]Process scheduling subsystem [609]IPC subsystem [610]Memory management
subsystem [611]Virtual files subsystem Networking subsystem
Other components: [612]ALSA, [613]DRI, [614]evdev, [615]klibc, [616]LVM,
[617]device mapper, [618]Linux Network Scheduler, [619]Netfilter
[620]Linux Security Modules: [621]SELinux, [622]TOMOYO, [623]AppArmor, [624]Smack
Hardware ([625]CPU, [626]main memory, [627]data storage devices, etc.)
Installed components of a Linux system include the following:^[628][78]^[629][80]
* A [630]bootloader, for example [631]GNU GRUB, [632]LILO, [633]SYSLINUX or
[634]systemd-boot. This is a program that loads the Linux kernel into the
computer's [635]main memory, by being executed by the computer when it is
turned on and after the [636]firmware initialization is performed.
* An [637]init program, such as the traditional [638]sysvinit and the newer
[639]systemd, [640]OpenRC and [641]Upstart. This is the first [642]process
launched by the Linux kernel, and is at the root of the process tree. It
starts processes such as system services and login prompts (whether graphical
or in terminal mode).
* [643]Software libraries, which contain code that can be used by running
processes. On Linux systems using [644]ELF-format executable files, the
[645]dynamic linker that manages the use of dynamic libraries is known as
[646]ld-linux.so. If the system is set up for the user to compile software
themselves, [647]header files will also be included to describe the
[648]programming interface of installed libraries. Besides the most commonly
used software library on Linux systems, the [649]GNU C Library (glibc), there
are numerous other libraries, such as [650]SDL and [651]Mesa.
+ The [652]C standard library is the library necessary to run programs
written in [653]C on a computer system, with the GNU C Library being the
standard. It provides an implementation of the POSIX API, as well as
extensions to that API. For embedded systems, alternatives such as
[654]musl, [655]EGLIBC (a glibc fork once used by Debian) and
[656]uClibc (which was designed for [657]uClinux) have been developed,
although the last two are no longer maintained. Android uses its own C
library, [658]Bionic. However, musl can additionally be used as a
replacement for glibc on desktop and laptop systems, as seen on certain
Linux distributions like [659]Void Linux.
* Basic Unix commands, with GNU coreutils being the standard implementation.
Alternatives exist for embedded systems, such as the copyleft [660]BusyBox,
and the BSD-licensed [661]Toybox.
* [662]Widget toolkits are the libraries used to build [663]graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) for software applications. Numerous widget toolkits are
available, including [664]GTK and [665]Clutter developed by the [666]GNOME
Project, [667]Qt developed by the [668]Qt Project and led by [669]The Qt
Company, and [670]Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) developed
primarily by the [671]Enlightenment team.
* A [672]package management system, such as [673]dpkg and [674]RPM.
Alternatively packages can be compiled from binary or source [675]tarballs.
* User interface programs such as command shells or windowing environments.
User interface[[676]edit]
The [677]user interface, also known as the [678]shell, is either a command-line
interface (CLI), a graphical user interface (GUI), or controls attached to the
associated hardware, which is common for embedded systems. For desktop systems,
the default user interface is usually graphical, although the CLI is commonly
available through [679]terminal emulator windows or on a separate [680]virtual
console.
CLI shells are text-based user interfaces, which use text for both input and
output. The dominant shell used in Linux is the [681]Bourne-Again Shell (bash),
originally developed for the GNU Project. Most low-level Linux components,
including various parts of the [682]userland, use the CLI exclusively. The CLI is
particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks and provides
very simple [683]inter-process communication.
On desktop systems, the most popular user interfaces are the [684]GUI shells,
packaged together with extensive desktop environments, such as [685]KDE Plasma,
[686]GNOME, [687]MATE, [688]Cinnamon, [689]LXDE, [690]Pantheon, and [691]Xfce,
though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user
interfaces are based on the X Window System, often simply called "X". It provides
[692]network transparency and permits a graphical application running on one
system to be displayed on another where a user may interact with the application;
however, certain extensions of the X Window System are not capable of working
over the network.^[693][81] Several X display servers exist, with the reference
implementation, [694]X.Org Server, being the most popular.
Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and
administrators, but provide a custom interface for end-users, designed for the
use case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that
resides on another system, not necessarily Linux-based.
Several types of [695]window managers exist for X11, including [696]tiling,
[697]dynamic, [698]stacking, and [699]compositing. Window managers provide means
to control the placement and appearance of individual application windows, and
interact with the X Window System. Simpler [700]X window managers such as
[701]dwm, [702]ratpoison, or [703]i3wm provide a [704]minimalist functionality,
while more elaborate window managers such as [705]FVWM, [706]Enlightenment, or
[707]Window Maker provide more features such as a built-in [708]taskbar and
[709]themes, but are still lightweight when compared to desktop environments.
Desktop environments include window managers as part of their standard
installations, such as [710]Mutter (GNOME), [711]KWin (KDE), or [712]Xfwm (xfce),
although users may choose to use a different window manager if preferred.
Wayland is a display server protocol intended as a replacement for the X11
protocol; as of 2022^[713][update], it has received relatively wide
adoption.^[714][82] Unlike X11, Wayland does not need an external window manager
and compositing manager. Therefore, a Wayland compositor takes the role of the
display server, window manager, and compositing manager. Weston is the reference
implementation of Wayland, while GNOME's Mutter and KDE's KWin are being ported
to Wayland as standalone display servers. Enlightenment has already been
successfully ported since version 19.^[715][83]
Video input infrastructure[[716]edit]
Main article: [717]Video4Linux
Linux currently has two modern kernel-userspace APIs for handling video input
devices: [718]V4L2 API for video streams and radio, and [719]DVB API for digital
TV reception.^[720][84]
Due to the complexity and diversity of different devices, and due to the large
number of formats and standards handled by those APIs, this infrastructure needs
to evolve to better fit other devices. Also, a good userspace device library is
the key to the success of having userspace applications to be able to work with
all formats supported by those devices.^[721][85]^[722][86]
Development[[723]edit]
[724][500px-Unix_timeline.en.svg.png] Simplified history of Unix-like operating
systems. Linux shares similar architecture and concepts (as part of the
[725]POSIX standard) but does not share non-free source code with the original
[726]Unix or MINIX.
Main articles: [727]Linux distribution and [728]Free software
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary
operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and
open-source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is
by far the most widely used.^[729][87] Some [730]free and [731]open-source
software licenses are based on the principle of [732]copyleft, a kind of
reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be
copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU General Public
License (GPL), is a form of copyleft and is used for the Linux kernel and many of
the components from the GNU Project.^[733][88]
Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for [734]interoperability
with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems
adhere to POSIX,^[735][89] [736]SUS,^[737][90] [738]LSB, [739]ISO, and [740]ANSI
standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been
POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.^[741][91]^[742][92]
Free software projects, although developed through [743]collaboration, are often
produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses
explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger-scale
projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it
available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution.
Many Linux distributions manage a remote collection of system software and
application software packages available for download and installation through a
network connection. This allows users to adapt the operating system to their
specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams,
volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution is responsible
for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system
security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into
a coherent whole. Distributions typically use a package manager such as [744]apt,
[745]yum, [746]zypper, [747]pacman or [748]portage to install, remove, and update
all of a system's software from one central location.^[749][93]
Community[[750]edit]
See also: [751]Free software movement and [752]Linux user group
A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some
vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis, [753]Debian
being a well-known example. Others maintain a community version of their
commercial distributions, as [754]Red Hat does with [755]Fedora, and [756]SUSE
does with [757]openSUSE.^[758][94]^[759][95]
In many cities and regions, local associations known as [760]Linux User Groups
(LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free
software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical
support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet
communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most
distributions and free software / open-source projects have [761]IRC chatrooms or
[762]newsgroups. [763]Online forums are another means of support, with notable
examples being [764]LinuxQuestions.org and the various distribution-specific
support and community forums, such as ones for [765]Ubuntu, Fedora, and
[766]Gentoo. Linux distributions host [767]mailing lists; commonly there will be
a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list.
There are several technology websites with a Linux focus. Print magazines on
Linux often bundle [768]cover disks that carry software or even complete Linux
distributions.^[769][96]^[770][97]
Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several
large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the
components of the system and free software. An analysis of the Linux kernel in
2017 showed that well over 85% of the code was developed by programmers who are
being paid for their work, leaving about 8.2% to unpaid developers and 4.1%
unclassified.^[771][98] Some of the major corporations that provide contributions
include [772]Intel, [773]Samsung, [774]Google, [775]AMD, [776]Oracle, and
[777]Facebook.^[778][98] Several corporations, notably Red Hat, [779]Canonical,
and [780]SUSE have built a significant business around Linux distributions.
The [781]free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a
distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and
encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a
whole and individual vendors may be seen as [782]symbiotic. One common
[783]business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially
for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business
version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools
to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative
tasks.
Another business model is to give away the software to sell hardware. This used
to be the norm in the computer industry, with operating systems such as
[784]CP/M, [785]Apple DOS, and versions of the [786]classic Mac OS before 7.6
freely copyable (but not modifiable). As computer hardware standardized
throughout the 1980s, it became more difficult for hardware manufacturers to
profit from this tactic, as the OS would run on any manufacturer's computer that
shared the same architecture.
Programming on Linux[[787]edit]
Most [788]programming languages support Linux either directly or through
third-party community based [789]ports.^[790][99] The original development tools
used for building both Linux applications and operating system programs are found
within the [791]GNU toolchain, which includes the [792]GNU Compiler Collection
(GCC) and the [793]GNU Build System. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for
[794]Ada, C, [795]C++, [796]Go and [797]Fortran. Many programming languages have
a cross-platform reference implementation that supports Linux, for example
[798]PHP, [799]Perl, [800]Ruby, [801]Python, [802]Java, [803]Go, [804]Rust and
[805]Haskell. First released in 2003, the [806]LLVM project provides an
alternative cross-platform open-source compiler for many languages.
[807]Proprietary compilers for Linux include the [808]Intel C++ Compiler,
[809]Sun Studio, and [810]IBM XL C/C++ Compiler. [811]BASIC is available in
[812]procedural form from [813]QB64, [814]PureBasic, [815]Yabasic, [816]GLBasic,
[817]Basic4GL, [818]XBasic, [819]wxBasic, [820]SdlBasic, and [821]Basic-256, as
well as [822]object oriented through [823]Gambas, [824]FreeBASIC, [825]B4X,
[826]Basic for Qt, [827]Phoenix Object Basic, [828]NS Basic, [829]ProvideX,
[830]Chipmunk Basic, [831]RapidQ and [832]Xojo. [833]Pascal is implemented
through [834]GNU Pascal, [835]Free Pascal, and [836]Virtual Pascal, as well as
graphically via [837]Lazarus, [838]PascalABC.NET, or [839]Delphi using
[840]FireMonkey (previously through [841]Borland Kylix).
A common feature of Unix-like systems, Linux includes traditional
specific-purpose programming languages targeted at [842]scripting, text
processing and system configuration and management in general. Linux
distributions support [843]shell scripts, [844]awk, [845]sed and [846]make. Many
programs also have an embedded programming language to support configuring or
programming themselves. For example, [847]regular expressions are supported in
programs like [848]grep and [849]locate, the traditional Unix message transfer
agent [850]Sendmail contains its own [851]Turing complete scripting system, and
the advanced text editor [852]GNU Emacs is built around a general purpose
[853]Lisp interpreter.
Most distributions also include support for [854]PHP, [855]Perl, [856]Ruby,
[857]Python and other [858]dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also
supports [859]C# and other [860]CLI [861]languages (via [862]Mono), [863]Vala,
and [864]Scheme. [865]Guile Scheme acts as an [866]extension language targeting
the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, [867]static,
compiled C programs of [868]Unix design rapidly and dynamically extensible via an
elegant, [869]functional high-level scripting system; many GNU programs can be
compiled with optional Guile [870]bindings to this end. A number of [871]Java
virtual machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun
Microsystems JVM ([872]HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source
projects like [873]Kaffe and [874]Jikes RVM; [875]Kotlin, [876]Scala, [877]Groovy
and other [878]JVM languages are also available.
GNOME and [879]KDE are popular desktop environments and provide a framework for
developing applications. These projects are based on the [880]GTK and [881]Qt
widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger
framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are [882]a number of
[883]Integrated development environments available including [884]Anjuta,
[885]Code::Blocks, [886]CodeLite, [887]Eclipse, [888]Geany, [889]ActiveState
Komodo, [890]KDevelop, [891]Lazarus, [892]MonoDevelop, [893]NetBeans, and [894]Qt
Creator, while the long-established editors [895]Vim, [896]nano and [897]Emacs
remain popular.^[898][100]
Hardware support[[899]edit]
[900][500px-Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg.png] Linux is ubiquitously found on various
types of hardware.
See also: [901]List of Linux-supported computer architectures
The Linux kernel is a widely ported operating system kernel, available for
devices ranging from mobile phones to supercomputers; it runs on a highly diverse
range of [902]computer architectures, including [903]ARM-based Android
smartphones and the [904]IBM Z mainframes. Specialized distributions and kernel
forks exist for less mainstream architectures; for example, the [905]ELKS kernel
[906]fork can run on [907]Intel 8086 or [908]Intel 80286 16-bit microprocessors,
while the [909]µClinux kernel fork may run on systems without a [910]memory
management unit. The kernel also runs on architectures that were only ever
intended to use a proprietary manufacturer-created operating system, such as
[911]Macintosh computers^[912][101]^[913][102] (with [914]PowerPC, [915]Intel,
and [916]Apple silicon processors), [917]PDAs, [918]video game consoles,
[919]portable music players, and mobile phones.
Linux has a reputation for supporting old hardware very well by maintaining
standardized drivers for a long time.^[920][103] There are several industry
associations and hardware [921]conferences devoted to maintaining and improving
support for diverse hardware under Linux, such as [922]FreedomHEC. Over time,
support for different hardware has improved in Linux, resulting in any
off-the-shelf purchase having a "good chance" of being compatible.^[923][104]
In 2014, a new initiative was launched to automatically collect a database of all
tested hardware configurations.^[924][105]
Uses[[925]edit]
Main article: [926]Linux range of use
Market share and uptake[[927]edit]
Main article: [928]Linux adoption
See also: [929]Usage share of operating systems
Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including
market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining
Linux.^[930][106] The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system
market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $15.64
billion, compared to $3.89 billion in 2019.^[931][107] Analysts project a
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 13.7% between 2024 and 2032, culminating in
a market size of USD 34.90 billion by the latter year.^[932][108] Analysts and
proponents attribute the relative success of Linux to its security, reliability,
low cost, and freedom from [933]vendor lock-in.^[934][109]^[935][110]
Desktops and laptops
According to [936]web server statistics (that is, based on the numbers
recorded from visits to websites by client devices), as of
February 2024^[937][update], the estimated market share of Linux on
[938]desktop computers is around 3.7%. In comparison, [939]Microsoft
Windows has a market share of around 72.9%, while [940]macOS covers around
16.13%.^[941][26]
Web servers
W3Cook publishes stats that use the top 1,000,000 Alexa
domains,^[942][111] which as of May 2015^[943][update] estimate that
96.55% of web servers run Linux, 1.73% run Windows, and 1.72% run
FreeBSD.^[944][112]
W3Techs publishes stats that use the top 10,000,000 Alexa domains and the
top 1,000,000 Tranco domains, updated monthly^[945][113] and as of
November 2020^[946][update] estimate that Linux is used by 39% of the web
servers, versus 21.9% being used by [947]Microsoft Windows.^[948][114]
40.1% used other types of Unix.^[949][115]
[950]IDC's Q1 2007 report indicated that Linux held 12.7% of the overall
server market at that time;^[951][116] this estimate was based on the
number of Linux servers sold by various companies, and did not include
server hardware purchased separately that had Linux installed on it later.
Mobile devices
Android, which is based on the Linux kernel, has become the dominant
operating system for smartphones. In April 2023, 68.61% of mobile devices
accessing websites using [952]StatCounter were from Android.^[953][117]
Android is also a popular operating system for tablets, being responsible
for more than 60% of tablet sales as of 2013^[954][update].^[955][118]
According to web server statistics, as of October 2021^[956][update]
Android has a market share of about 71%, with [957]iOS holding 28%, and
the remaining 1% attributed to various niche platforms.^[958][119]
Film production
For years, Linux has been the platform of choice in the film industry. The
first major film produced on Linux servers was 1997's
[959]Titanic.^[960][120]^[961][121] Since then major studios including
[962]DreamWorks Animation, [963]Pixar, [964]Weta Digital, and
[965]Industrial Light & Magic have migrated to
Linux.^[966][122]^[967][123]^[968][124] According to the Linux Movies
Group, more than 95% of the servers and desktops at large animation and
visual effects companies use Linux.^[969][125]
Use in government
Linux distributions have also gained popularity with various local and
national governments. News of the Russian military creating its own Linux
distribution has also surfaced, and has come to fruition as the G.H.ost
Project.^[970][126] The Indian state of [971]Kerala has gone to the extent
of mandating that all state high schools run Linux on their
computers.^[972][127]^[973][128] [974]China uses Linux exclusively as the
operating system for its [975]Loongson processor family to achieve
technology independence.^[976][129] In Spain, some regions have developed
their own Linux distributions, which are widely used in education and
official institutions, like gnuLinEx in Extremadura and Guadalinex in
Andalusia. [977]France and [978]Germany have also taken steps toward the
adoption of Linux.^[979][130] North Korea's [980]Red Star OS, developed as
of 2002^[981][update], is based on a version of Fedora Linux.^[982][131]
Copyright, trademark, and naming[[983]edit]
See also: [984]GNU/Linux naming controversy and [985]SCO-Linux disputes
The Linux kernel is [986]licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL),
version 2. The GPL requires that anyone who distributes software based on source
code under this license must make the originating source code (and any
modifications) available to the recipient under the same terms.^[987][132] Other
key components of a typical Linux distribution are also mainly licensed under the
GPL, but they may use other licenses; many libraries use the [988]GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL), a more permissive variant of the GPL, and the
[989]X.Org implementation of the X Window System uses the [990]MIT License.
Torvalds states that the Linux kernel will not move from version 2 of the GPL to
version 3.^[991][133]^[992][134] He specifically dislikes some provisions in the
new license which prohibit the use of the software in [993]digital rights
management.^[994][135] It would also be impractical to obtain permission from all
the copyright holders, who number in the thousands.^[995][136]
A 2001 study of [996]Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30
million [997]source lines of code.^[998][137] Using the [999]Constructive Cost
Model, the study estimated that this distribution required about eight thousand
person-years of development time. According to the study, if all this software
had been developed by conventional proprietary means, it would have cost about
US$1.82 billion^[1000][138] to develop in 2023 in the United States.^[1001][137]
Most of the source code (71%) was written in the C programming language, but many
other languages were used, including [1002]C++, [1003]Lisp, assembly language,
Perl, Python, [1004]Fortran, and various [1005]shell scripting languages.
Slightly over half of all lines of code were licensed under the GPL. The Linux
kernel itself was 2.4 million lines of code, or 8% of the total.^[1006][137]
In a later study, the same analysis was performed for Debian version 4.0 (etch,
which was released in 2007).^[1007][139] This distribution contained close to 283
million source lines of code, and the study estimated that it would have required
about seventy three thousand man-years and cost US$10.2 billion^[1008][138] (in
2023 dollars) to develop by conventional means.
[1009][220px-LinuxWasch3.jpg] The name "Linux" is also used for a laundry
detergent made by Swiss company Rösch.^[1010][140]
In the United States, the name Linux is a trademark registered to Linus
Torvalds.^[1011][10] Initially, nobody registered it. However, on August 15,
1994, William R. Della Croce Jr. filed for the trademark Linux, and then demanded
royalties from Linux distributors. In 1996, Torvalds and some affected
organizations sued him to have the trademark assigned to Torvalds, and, in 1997,
the case was settled.^[1012][141] The licensing of the trademark has since been
handled by the [1013]Linux Mark Institute (LMI). Torvalds has stated that he
trademarked the name only to prevent someone else from using it. LMI originally
charged a nominal sublicensing fee for use of the Linux name as part of
trademarks,^[1014][142] but later changed this in favor of offering a free,
perpetual worldwide sublicense.^[1015][143]
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers GNU/Linux as the name when referring
to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to
be [1016]variants of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by [1017]Richard
Stallman, president of the FSF.^[1018][16]^[1019][17] They explicitly take no
issue over the name Android for the Android OS, which is also an operating system
based on the Linux kernel, as GNU is not a part of it.
A minority of public figures and software projects other than Stallman and the
FSF, notably Debian (which had been sponsored by the FSF up to 1996),^[1020][144]
also use GNU/Linux when referring to the operating system as a
whole.^[1021][145]^[1022][146]^[1023][147] Most media and common usage, however,
refers to this family of operating systems simply as Linux, as do many large
Linux distributions (for example, [1024]SUSE Linux and [1025]Red Hat Enterprise
Linux). By contrast, Linux distributions containing only free software use
"GNU/Linux" or simply "GNU", such as [1026]Trisquel GNU/Linux, [1027]Parabola
GNU/Linux-libre, [1028]BLAG Linux and GNU, and [1029]gNewSense.
As of May 2011^[1030][update], about 8% to 13% of the [1031]lines of code of the
Linux distribution Ubuntu (version "Natty") is made of GNU components (the range
depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU); meanwhile, 6% is taken by
the Linux kernel, increased to 9% when including its direct
dependencies.^[1032][148]
See also[[1033]edit]
* [1034]Free and open-source software portal
* [1035]icon [1036]Linux portal
* [1037]Comparison of Linux distributions
* [1038]Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
* [1039]Comparison of operating systems
* [1040]Comparison of X Window System desktop environments
* [1041]Criticism of Linux
* [1042]Linux kernel version history
* [1043]Linux Documentation Project
* [1044]Linux From Scratch
* [1045]Linux Software Map
* [1046]List of Linux distributions
* [1047]List of games released on Linux
* [1048]List of operating systems
* [1049]Loadable kernel module
* [1050]Usage share of operating systems
* [1051]Timeline of operating systems
Notes[[1052]edit]
1. [1053]^ GNU is the primary userland used in nearly all Linux
distributions.^[1054][2]^[1055][3]^[1056][4] The GNU userland contains system
daemons, user applications, the GUI, and various libraries. [1057]GNU Core
Utilities are an essential part of most distributions. Most Linux
distributions use the [1058]X Window system.^[1059][5] Other components of
the userland, such as the [1060]widget toolkit, vary with the specific
distribution, desktop environment, and user configuration.^[1061][6]
2. [1062]^ BusyBox is an alternative userland used in many embedded Linux
distributions. BusyBox replaces most [1063]GNU Core utilities.^[1064][7] One
notable Desktop distribution using BusyBox is [1065]Alpine Linux.^[1066][8]
3. [1067]^ The name "Linux" itself is a trademark owned by [1068]Linus
Torvalds^[1069][10] and administered by the [1070]Linux Mark Institute.
4. [1071]^ As measured by the [1072]TOP500 list, which uses [1073]HPL to measure
computational power
References[[1074]edit]
1. [1075]^ Linux Online (2008). [1076]"Linux Logos and Mascots". Archived from
[1077]the original on August 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
2. [1078]^ [1079]"GNU Userland". Archived from [1080]the original on March 8,
2016.
3. [1081]^ [1082]"Unix Fundamentals -- System Administration for Cyborgs".
Archived from [1083]the original on October 5, 2016.
4. [1084]^ [1085]"Operating Systems -- Introduction to Information and
Communication Technology". [1086]Archived from the original on February 21,
2016.
5. [1087]^ [1088]"The X Window System". [1089]Archived from the original on
January 20, 2016.
6. [1090]^ [1091]"PCLinuxOS Magazine - HTML". Archived from [1092]the original
on May 15, 2013.
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Project. [1528]Archived from the original on December 1, 2013. Retrieved
December 5, 2013.
136. [1529]^ [1530]"Keeping an Eye on the Penguin". Linux-watch.com. February 7,
2006. Archived from [1531]the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved November
9, 2010.
137. ^ [1532]^a [1533]^b [1534]^c Wheeler, David A (July 29, 2002). [1535]"More
Than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU/Linux's Size". Archived from [1536]the
original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
138. ^ [1537]^a [1538]^b Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
[1539]"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". [1540]MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November
30, 2023. United States [1541]Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow
the MeasuringWorth series.
139. [1542]^ Amor, Juan José; et al. (June 17, 2007). [1543]"Measuring Etch: the
size of Debian 4.0". [1544]Archived from the original on July 28, 2014.
Retrieved September 16, 2007.
140. [1545]^ [1546]"There Is a Linux Detergent Out There and It's Trademarked".
[1547]Linux.com. June 19, 2015. Archived from [1548]the original on June 24,
2015. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
141. [1549]^ [1550]"Linux Timeline". Linux Journal. May 31, 2006. [1551]Archived
from the original on February 3, 2013.
142. [1552]^ Neil McAllister (September 5, 2005). [1553]"Linus gets tough on
Linux trademark". [1554]InfoWorld. Archived from [1555]the original on April
12, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008.
143. [1556]^ [1557]"Linux Mark Institute". [1558]Archived from the original on
February 13, 2008. Retrieved February 24, 2008. "LMI has restructured its
sublicensing program. Our new sublicense agreement is: Free - approved
sublicense holders pay no fees; Perpetual - sublicense terminates only in
breach of the agreement or when your organization ceases to use its mark;
Worldwide - one sublicense covers your use of the mark anywhere in the world"
144. [1559]^ Richard Stallman (April 28, 1996). [1560]"The FSF is no longer
sponsoring Debian". tech-insider.org. [1561]Archived from the original on
February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
145. [1562]^ [1563]"TiVo - GNU/Linux Source Code". Archived from [1564]the
original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2006.
146. [1565]^ [1566]"About Debian". debian.org. December 8, 2013. [1567]Archived
from the original on January 23, 2014. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
147. [1568]^ Andrew D. Balsa; et al. (October 17, 2009). [1569]"The linux-kernel
mailing list FAQ". vger.kernel.org. [1570]Archived from the original on
October 1, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2013. "...we have tried to use the word
"Linux" or the expression "Linux kernel" to designate the kernel, and
GNU/Linux to designate the entire body of GNU/GPL'ed OS software,... ...many
people forget that the linux kernel mailing list is a forum for discussion of
kernel-related matters, not GNU/Linux in general..".
148. [1571]^ Côrte-Real, Pedro (May 31, 2011). [1572]"How much GNU is there in
GNU/Linux?". Split Perspective. [1573]Archived from the original on February
7, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014. ([1574]self-published data)
External links[[1575]edit]
Linux at Wikipedia's [1576]sister projects
* [1577]Definitions from Wiktionary
* [1578]Media from Commons
* [1579]News from Wikinews
* [1580]Quotations from Wikiquote
* [1581]Texts from Wikisource
* [1582]Textbooks from Wikibooks
* [1583]Resources from Wikiversity
* [1584]Linux at [1585]Curlie
* [1586]Graphical map of Linux Internals (archived)
* [1587]Linux kernel website and archives
* [1588]The History of Linux in GIT Repository Format 1992-2010 (archived)
* [1589]v
* [1590]t
* [1591]e
Linux
[1592]Linux kernel
* [1593]History
* [1594]Linus's law
* [1595]Linux-libre
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* [1599]more...
Controversies
* [1600]Criticism of Linux
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[1605]Distributions
* [1606]General comparison
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* [1612]Package manager
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+ [1614]List of software package managers
Organizations
* [1615]LinuxChix
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[1621]Adoption
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Media
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* [1630]Free Software Magazine
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* [1632]Linux.com
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* [1634]Linux Gazette
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* [1636]Linux Magazine
* [1637]LinuxUser
+ [1638]Ubuntu User
* [1639]Linux Outlaws
* [1640]Linux Voice
* [1641]LugRadio
* [1642]LWN.net
* [1643]Phoronix
* [1644]Revolution OS
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[1646]Professional related certifications
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* [1649]Red Hat
* [1650]Ubuntu
* [1651]icon [1652]Linux portal
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* [1654]Category
* [1655]v
* [1656]t
* [1657]e
Contributors to the Linux operating system
[1658]Kernel
* [1659]H. Peter Anvin
* [1660]Jens Axboe
* [1661]Andries Brouwer
* [1662]Rémy Card
* [1663]Alan Cox
* [1664]Matthew Garrett
* [1665]Michael Kerrisk
* [1666]Con Kolivas
* [1667]Greg Kroah-Hartman
* [1668]Benson Leung
* [1669]Robert Love
* [1670]David S. Miller
* [1671]Ingo Molnár
* [1672]Andrew Morton
* [1673]Keith Packard
* [1674]Hans Reiser
* [1675]Rusty Russell
* [1676]Sage Sharp
* [1677]Linus Torvalds
* [1678]Theodore Ts'o
* [1679]Stephen Tweedie
* [1680]Sage Weil
* [1681]Harald Welte
* [1682]Chris Wright
[1683]GNU
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* [1685]Richard Stallman
* [1686]Michael Tiemann
[1687]Distributions
* [1688]Solar Designer
* [1689]Gaël Duval
* [1690]Marc Ewing
* [1691]Benjamin Mako Hill
* [1692]Peter MacDonald
* [1693]Ian Murdock
* [1694]Daniel Robbins
* [1695]Jane Silber
* [1696]Mark Shuttleworth
* [1697]Patrick Volkerding
* [1698]Bob Young
Other developers
* [1699]Timothee Besset
* [1700]Matthias Ettrich
* [1701]Olivier Fourdan
* [1702]Mark Galassi
* [1703]Jim Gettys
* [1704]Ryan C. Gordon
* [1705]Harald Hoyer
* [1706]Miguel de Icaza
* [1707]Havoc Pennington
* [1708]Lennart Poettering
* [1709]Kay Sievers
* [1710]Dave Taylor
* [1711]Jeff Waugh
Advocates
* [1712]Valerie Aurora
* [1713]Donna Benjamin
* [1714]Ken Coar
* [1715]Mary Gardiner
* [1716]Jon Hall
* [1717]Federico Heinz
* [1718]Bradley M. Kuhn
* [1719]Bruce Perens
* [1720]Eric S. Raymond
Others
* [1721]Pia Andrews
* [1722]Jono Bacon
* [1723]Keith Bergelt
* [1724]Pamela Jones
* [1725]Allison Randal
* [1726]Karen Sandler
* [1727]Dave Sifry
* [1728]Luis Villa
[1729]icon [1730]Linux portal
* [1731]v
* [1732]t
* [1733]e
[1734]Linux distributions
[1735]Android
* [1736]/e/
* [1737]Android-x86
* [1738]CalyxOS
* [1739]Celadon
* [1740]ColorOS
* [1741]DivestOS
* [1742]EMUI
* [1743]Fire OS
* [1744]GrapheneOS
* [1745]LineageOS
* [1746]MIUI
* [1747]One UI
* [1748]Paranoid Android
* [1749]PixelExperience
* [1750]Replicant
* [1751]Resurrection Remix OS
* [1752]OmniROM
[1753]Arch
* [1754]ArchBang
* [1755]ArchLabs
* [1756]Artix
* [1757]BlackArch
* [1758]EndeavourOS
* [1759]Frugalware
* [1760]Garuda
* [1761]Hyperbola GNU
* [1762]LinHES
* [1763]Manjaro
* [1764]Parabola GNU
* [1765]SteamOS (3.0 onwards)
* [1766]SystemRescue
[1767]Debian
[1768]Ubuntu
* Official: [1769]Edubuntu
* [1770]Kubuntu
* [1771]Lubuntu
* [1772]Ubuntu Budgie
* [1773]Ubuntu Cinnamon
* [1774]Ubuntu Kylin
* [1775]Ubuntu MATE
* [1776]Ubuntu Studio
* [1777]Ubuntu Unity
* [1778]Xubuntu
* Derivatives: [1779]BackBox
* [1780]Bodhi Linux
* [1781]elementary OS
* [1782]Emmabuntüs
* [1783]KDE neon
* [1784]Freespire
* [1785]Linux Lite
* [1786]Linux Mint
* [1787]LXLE Linux
* [1788]Nova OS
* [1789]Peppermint OS
* [1790]Pop! OS
* [1791]Trisquel
* [1792]Ubuntu Touch
* [1793]Uruk
* [1794]Zorin OS
Other
* [1795]antiX
* [1796]Astra
* [1797]Bharat Operating System Solutions
* [1798]BlankOn Linux
* [1799]Damn Small Linux
* [1800]deepin
* [1801]Devuan
* [1802]Elive
* [1803]Endless OS
* [1804]FreedomBox
* [1805]Kaisen
* [1806]Kali
* [1807]Kanotix
* [1808]Knoppix
* [1809]MX Linux
* [1810]Parrot OS
* [1811]PureOS
* [1812]Raspberry Pi OS
* [1813]Q4OS
* [1814]Slax
* [1815]SparkyLinux
* [1816]SolydXK
* [1817]SteamOS (1.0-2.0)
* [1818]Tails
* [1819]UOS
* [1820]Whonix
[1821]Fedora
* [1822]AlmaLinux
* [1823]Asahi
* [1824]CentOS Stream
* [1825]ClearOS
* [1826]EulerOS
* [1827]Linpus Linux
* [1828]MIRACLE LINUX
* [1829]Oracle Linux
* [1830]Qubes OS
* [1831]Red Hat Enterprise Linux
* [1832]Red Star OS
* [1833]Rocks Cluster Distribution
* [1834]Rocky Linux
* [1835]Sailfish OS
* [1836]Tizen
[1837]Gentoo
* [1838]Calculate Linux
* [1839]ChromiumOS
+ [1840]ChromeOS
* [1841]Pentoo
[1842]Mandriva
* [1843]ALT Linux
* [1844]Mageia
* [1845]OpenMandriva Lx
* [1846]PCLinuxOS
* [1847]ROSA Linux
[1848]Slackware
* [1849]Austrumi Linux
* [1850]Porteus
* [1851]Salix OS
* [1852]Slax
* [1853]Zenwalk
[1854]SUSE
* [1855]openSUSE
+ [1856]SUSE Linux Enterprise
o [1857]Open Enterprise Server
+ [1858]GeckoLinux
Other
* [1859]4MLinux
* [1860]Alpine
* [1861]CHAOS
* [1862]Chimera Linux
* [1863]Clear Linux OS
* [1864]CRUX
+ [1865]Kwort
* [1866]GoboLinux
* [1867]Guix SD
* [1868]KaiOS
* [1869]KaOS
* [1870]NixOS
* [1871]Puppy
* [1872]Source Mage
* [1873]Solus
* [1874]T2 SDE
* [1875]Tiny Core Linux
* [1876]Void
Discontinued
[1877]Debian
* Ubuntu: [1878]Asturix
* [1879]Black Lab Linux
* [1880]Cub Linux
* [1881]Gobuntu
* [1882]gOS
* [1883]Linux Caixa Mágica
* [1884]LinuxTLE
* [1885]Pinguy OS
* [1886]Sabily
* [1887]Ubuntu GNOME
* Other derivatives: [1888]BackTrack
* [1889]Corel Linux
* [1890]CrunchBang Linux
* [1891]DoudouLinux
* [1892]Dreamlinux
* [1893]Feather Linux
* [1894]gNewSense
* [1895]HandyLinux
* [1896]Libranet
* [1897]Musix GNU+Linux
* [1898]Parsix
* [1899]Sunwah Linux
[1900]Gentoo
* [1901]Container Linux
* [1902]Incognito
* [1903]Sabayon Linux
* [1904]xB Machine
[1905]Red Hat/[1906]Fedora
* [1907]BLAG Linux and GNU
* [1908]CentOS
* [1909]Korora
* [1910]Linux for PlayStation 2
* [1911]Scientific Linux
* [1912]Think Blue Linux
* [1913]Turbolinux
* [1914]Vine Linux
* [1915]Yellow Dog Linux
[1916]Slackware
* [1917]BioSLAX
* [1918]Damn Vulnerable Linux
* [1919]KateOS
* [1920]Kongoni
* [1921]NimbleX
* [1922]Platypux
* [1923]TopologiLinux
* [1924]VectorLinux
[1925]SUSE
* [1926]SUSE Studio Express
Other
* [1927]Antergos
* [1928]Caldera OpenLinux
* [1929]Chakra
* [1930]CyanogenMod
* [1931]DemoLinux
* [1932]Familiar Linux
* [1933]Firefox OS
+ [1934]B2G OS
* [1935]Floppyfw
* [1936]Foresight Linux
* [1937]Immunix
* [1938]Jurix
* [1939]Linux Router Project
* [1940]MCC Interim Linux
* [1941]MeeGo
+ [1942]Mer
* [1943]Mobilinux
* [1944]Nitix
* [1945]OpenELEC
* [1946]Red Hat Linux
* [1947]Remix OS
* [1948]Softlanding Linux System
* [1949]Sorcerer
* [1950]Splashtop OS
* [1951]Turkix
* [1952]List
* [1953]icon [1954]Linux portal
* [1955]Comparison
* [1956]Category
* [1957]v
* [1958]t
* [1959]e
[1960]Unix and [1961]Unix-like [1962]operating systems and [1963]compatibility
layers
* [1964]Architecture
* [1965]Filesystem
* [1966]History
* [1967]Philosophy
* [1968]Security
* [1969]Shell
[1970]Operating
systems
[1971]BSD
* [1972]386BSD
+ [1973]FreeBSD
+ [1974]NetBSD
+ [1975]OpenBSD
+ [1976]DragonFly BSD
* [1977]NeXTSTEP
* [1978]Darwin
+ [1979]macOS
+ [1980]iOS
+ [1981]audioOS
+ [1982]iPadOS
+ [1983]tvOS
+ [1984]watchOS
o [1985]bridgeOS
* [1986]SunOS
* [1987]Ultrix
Linux
* [1988]Android
* [1989]Arch
* [1990]ChromeOS
* [1991]Debian
* [1992]Fedora
* [1993]Gentoo
* [1994]Red Hat
* [1995]SUSE
* [1996]Ubuntu
* [1997]Other distributions
[1998]System V
* [1999]A/UX
* [2000]AIX
* [2001]HP-UX
* [2002]IRIX
* [2003]OpenServer
* [2004]Solaris
+ [2005]OpenSolaris
+ [2006]Illumos
* [2007]Tru64 UNIX
* [2008]UnixWare
Other
* [2009]Coherent
* [2010]Domain/OS
* [2011]GNU
+ [2012]Hurd
* [2013]LynxOS
* [2014]Minix
* [2015]MOS
* [2016]OSF/1
* [2017]QNX
+ [2018]BlackBerry 10
* [2019]Research Unix
* [2020]SerenityOS
* [2021]Xenix
* [2022]more...
[2023]Compatibility
layers
* [2024]Cygwin
* [2025]Darling
* [2026]Eunice
* [2027]GNV
* [2028]Interix
* [2029]MachTen
* [2030]Microsoft POSIX subsystem
* [2031]MKS Toolkit
* [2032]PASE
* [2033]P.I.P.S.
* [2034]PWS/VSE-AF
* [2035]UNIX System Services
* [2036]UserLAnd Technologies
* [2037]Windows Services for UNIX
* [2038]Windows Subsystem for Linux
* Italics indicate discontinued systems. [2039]Category
* [2040]Commons
* [2041]v
* [2042]t
* [2043]e
[2044]Free and open-source software
General
* [2045]Alternative terms for free software
* [2046]Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
* [2047]Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
* [2048]Free software
* [2049]Free software project directories
* [2050]Gratis versus libre
* [2051]Long-term support
* [2052]Open-source software
* [2053]Open-source software development
* [2054]Outline
* [2055]Timeline
[2056]Software
packages
* [2057]Audio
* [2058]Bioinformatics
* [2059]Codecs
* [2060]Configuration management
* [2061]Drivers
+ [2062]Graphics
+ [2063]Wireless
* [2064]Health
* [2065]Mathematics
* [2066]Office suites
* [2067]Operating systems
* [2068]Routing
* [2069]Television
* [2070]Video games
* [2071]Web applications
+ [2072]E-commerce
* [2073]Android apps
* [2074]iOS apps
* [2075]Commercial
* [2076]Formerly proprietary
* [2077]Formerly open-source
[2078]Community
* [2079]Free software movement
* [2080]History
* [2081]Open-source-software movement
* [2082]Events
* [2083]Advocacy
[2084]Organisations
* [2085]Free Software Movement of India
* [2086]Free Software Foundation
[2087]Licenses
* [2088]AFL
* [2089]Apache
* [2090]APSL
* [2091]Artistic
* [2092]Beerware
* [2093]BSD
* [2094]Creative Commons
* [2095]CDDL
* [2096]EPL
* [2097]Free Software Foundation
+ [2098]GNU GPL
+ [2099]GNU AGPL
+ [2100]GNU LGPL
* [2101]ISC
* [2102]MIT
* [2103]MPL
* [2104]Python
* [2105]Python Software Foundation License
* [2106]Shared Source Initiative
* [2107]Sleepycat
* [2108]Unlicense
* [2109]WTFPL
* [2110]zlib
Types and
standards
* [2111]Comparison of licenses
* [2112]Contributor License Agreement
* [2113]Copyleft
* [2114]Debian Free Software Guidelines
* [2115]Definition of Free Cultural Works
* [2116]Free license
* [2117]The Free Software Definition
* [2118]The Open Source Definition
* [2119]Open-source license
* [2120]Permissive software license
* [2121]Public domain
* [2122]Viral license
Challenges
* [2123]Digital rights management
* [2124]License proliferation
* [2125]Mozilla software rebranding
* [2126]Proprietary device drivers
* [2127]Proprietary firmware
* [2128]Proprietary software
* [2129]SCO/Linux controversies
* [2130]Software patents
* [2131]Software security
* [2132]Trusted Computing
Related
topics
* [2133]Forking
* [2134]GNU Manifesto
* [2135]Microsoft Open Specification Promise
* [2136]Open-core model
* [2137]Open-source hardware
* [2138]Shared Source Initiative
* [2139]Source-available software
* [2140]The Cathedral and the Bazaar
* [2141]Revolution OS
* [2142]Portal
* [2143]Category
* [2144]v
* [2145]t
* [2146]e
[2147]Operating systems
General
* [2148]Comparison
* [2149]Forensic engineering
* [2150]History
* [2151]List
* [2152]Timeline
* [2153]Usage share
* [2154]User features comparison
Variants
* [2155]Disk operating system
* [2156]Distributed operating system
* [2157]Embedded operating system
* [2158]Hobbyist operating system
* [2159]Just enough operating system
* [2160]Mobile operating system
* [2161]Network operating system
* [2162]Object-oriented operating system
* [2163]Real-time operating system
* [2164]Supercomputer operating system
[2165]Kernel
[2166]Architectures
* [2167]Exokernel
* [2168]Hybrid
* [2169]Microkernel
* [2170]Monolithic
* [2171]Multikernel
* [2172]vkernel
* [2173]Rump kernel
* [2174]Unikernel
Components
* [2175]Device driver
* [2176]Loadable kernel module
* [2177]User space and kernel space
[2178]Process management
Concepts
* [2179]Computer multitasking ([2180]Cooperative, [2181]Preemptive)
* [2182]Context switch
* [2183]Interrupt
* [2184]IPC
* [2185]Process
* [2186]Process control block
* [2187]Real-time
* [2188]Thread
* [2189]Time-sharing
[2190]Scheduling
algorithms
* [2191]Fixed-priority preemptive
* [2192]Multilevel feedback queue
* [2193]Round-robin
* [2194]Shortest job next
[2195]Memory management,
[2196]resource protection
* [2197]Bus error
* [2198]General protection fault
* [2199]Memory paging
* [2200]Memory protection
* [2201]Protection ring
* [2202]Segmentation fault
* [2203]Virtual memory
[2204]Storage access,
[2205]file systems
* [2206]Boot loader
* [2207]Defragmentation
* [2208]Device file
* [2209]File attribute
* [2210]Inode
* [2211]Journal
* [2212]Partition
* [2213]Virtual file system
* [2214]Virtual tape library
Supporting concepts
* [2215]API
* [2216]Computer network
* [2217]HAL
* [2218]Live CD
* [2219]Live USB
* [2220]Shell
+ [2221]CLI
+ [2222]User interface
* [2223]PXE
[2224]Authority control databases [2225]Edit this at Wikidata
International
* [2226]VIAF
National
* [2227]France
* [2228]BnF data
* [2229]Germany
* [2230]Israel
* [2231]United States
* [2232]Czech Republic
* [2233]Greece
Other
* [2234]IdRef
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[2236]Categories:
* [2237]Linux
* [2238]1991 software
* [2239]Computing platforms
* [2240]Cross-platform software
* [2241]Finnish inventions
* [2242]Free software programmed in C
* [2243]Linus Torvalds
* [2244]Operating systems
* [2245]Unix variants
Hidden categories:
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References
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1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#bodyContent
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random
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14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
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16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges
17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard
18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search
20. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linux
21. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux
22. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Linux
23. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Linux
24. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction
25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyContributions
26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyTalk
27. https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
28. https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
29. https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
30. https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%91%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5
31. https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
32. https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3
33. https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
34. https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3
35. https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD
36. https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8
37. https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
38. https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
39. https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
40. https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8
41. https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
42. https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
43. https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
44. https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
45. https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
46. https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
47. https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
48. https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
49. https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
50. https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
51. https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
52. https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
53. https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
54. https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
55. https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
56. https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
57. https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3
58. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
59. https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
60. https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
61. https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
62. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
63. https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
64. https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
65. https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
66. https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
67. https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
68. https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
69. https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
70. https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%85%EC%8A%A4
71. https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD
72. https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
73. https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
74. https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
75. https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
76. https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
77. https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
78. https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
79. https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
80. https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
81. https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1
82. https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
83. https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D
84. https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
85. https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
86. https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
87. https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
88. https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
89. https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
90. https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
91. https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
92. https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C
93. https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
94. https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux
95. https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
96. https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
97. https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
98. https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
99. https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
100. https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/la_.linuks.
101. https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
102. https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
103. https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
104. https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
105. https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
106. https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
107. https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3
108. https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
109. https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
110. https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
111. https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA
112. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
113. https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
114. https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
115. https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8
116. https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
117. https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
118. https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
119. https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
120. https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8
121. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
122. https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8
123. https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3
124. https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%85
125. https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
126. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
127. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
128. https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
129. https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Bedriefsystem)
130. https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
131. https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
132. https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81
133. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
134. https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
135. https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
136. https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
137. https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
138. https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
139. https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
140. https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A
141. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
142. https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3
143. https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(opera%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m)
144. https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
145. https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
146. https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
147. https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3
148. https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
149. https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
150. https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
151. https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
152. https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
153. https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81
154. https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
155. https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
156. https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D
157. https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
158. https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C
159. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
160. https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
161. https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
162. https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
163. https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3
164. https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
165. https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
166. https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
167. https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
168. https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
169. https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
170. https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
171. https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
172. https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
173. https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
174. https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1
175. https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
176. https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
177. https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
178. https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
179. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
180. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388#sitelinks-wikipedia
181. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
182. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Linux
183. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
184. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
185. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history
186. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
187. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
188. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=history
189. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Linux
190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Linux
191. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
192. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
193. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1221360000
194. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=info
195. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Linux&id=1221360000&wpFormIdentifier=titleform
196. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux
197. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLinux
198. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q388
199. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Linux&action=show-download-screen
200. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&printable=yes
201. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Linux
202. https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_Guide
203. https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Linux
204. https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Linux
205. https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Linux
206. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes
207. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Linux
208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
209. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(disambiguation)
210. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tux.svg
211. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux_(mascot)
212. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-LinuxOnLine2008-1
213. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmer
214. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
215. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
216. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
217. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
218. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)
219. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
220. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
221. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repository_(version_control)
222. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/
223. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
224. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_device
225. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer
226. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device
227. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
228. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)
229. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
230. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language
231. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC_Alpha
232. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARC_(processor)
233. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture
234. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE
235. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm_Hexagon
236. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson
237. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M68k
238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblaze
239. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture
240. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nios_II
241. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRISC
242. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA-RISC
243. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC
244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RISC-V
245. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA/390
246. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperH
247. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC
248. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86
249. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtensa
250. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
252. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
254. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-7
255. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox
256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-10
257. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
258. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell
259. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
260. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
261. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
262. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI
263. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
264. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPLv2
265. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-11
266. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-13
267. https://kernel.org/
268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
269. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
271. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
272. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-pronunciation-2-14
273. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software
274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
276. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
277. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-15
278. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
279. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
280. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-16
281. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-17
282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-18
283. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager
284. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_software
286. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
287. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
288. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
289. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
290. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy
291. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-19
292. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-20
293. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-21
294. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-22
295. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-23
296. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
297. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
298. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
299. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
300. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
301. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise
302. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
303. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
304. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
305. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
306. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
307. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma
308. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)
309. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
310. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack
311. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-what-24
313. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer
314. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_x86
315. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware_platforms
317. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-25
318. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
319. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone
320. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
321. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_operating_system
322. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
323. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-26
324. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-27
325. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-28
326. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
327. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer
328. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-29
329. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook
330. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
331. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E2%80%9312
332. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop
333. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-30
334. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-31
335. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_iron_(computing)
336. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer
337. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500
338. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-32
339. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
340. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-33
341. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-34
342. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-35
343. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
344. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
345. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)
346. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
347. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_home_technology
348. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
349. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-LinuxDevices-36
350. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television
351. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_TV
352. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Smart_TVs-37
353. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-38
354. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-39
355. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobiles
356. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_cars-40
357. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft
358. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9
359. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2
360. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)
361. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-auto-41
362. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-42
363. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software
364. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
365. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
366. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
367. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-43
368. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-44
369. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-what-24
370. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=1
371. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Linux
372. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=2
373. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds_(cropped).jpg
374. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
375. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation
376. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs
377. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Thompson
378. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie
379. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy
380. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ossanna
381. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-45
382. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language
383. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
384. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_language
385. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
386. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-46
387. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust_case
388. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources
389. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources
390. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code
391. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret
392. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify
393. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_institution
394. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Bell_System
395. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company
396. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
397. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Vetter2021-47
398. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Tozzi2017-48
399. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Systems
400. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems
401. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University
402. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-49
403. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-50
404. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project
405. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
406. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
407. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_announce-51
408. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
409. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
410. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler
411. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor
412. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)#Command-line_shells
413. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
414. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
415. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)
416. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
417. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd
418. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-52
419. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX
420. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
421. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science
422. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
423. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-minix-lic-53
424. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Berkeley_Software_Design,_Inc.
425. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSD
426. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD
427. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
428. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
429. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_kernel
430. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-54
431. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-meta-55
432. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=3
433. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki
434. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-56
435. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroVAX
436. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
437. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_Systems:_Design_and_Implementation
438. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum
439. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MINIX
440. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-57
441. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-minix-lic-53
442. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
443. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
444. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_documentation
445. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
446. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-58
447. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS
448. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems
449. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-59
450. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-60
451. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_history-61
452. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=4
453. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linux_0_12.jpg
454. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
455. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau
456. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makefile
457. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-fun-62
458. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
459. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUNET
460. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology
461. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-fun-62
462. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup
463. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-pronunciation-2-14
464. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English
465. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus-linux.ogg
466. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
467. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Pronounce-63
468. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key
469. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel
470. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel
471. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=5
472. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption
473. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ubuntu_23.10_Mantic_Minotaur_Desktop_English.png
474. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)
475. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nexus_5X_(White).jpg
476. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_5X
477. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
478. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA
479. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster
480. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell
481. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM
482. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard
483. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft
484. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-security-64
485. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
486. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
487. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-rules_supercomputers-35
488. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-65
489. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)
490. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-galli2007-66
491. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-paul2007-67
492. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-beer2007-68
493. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-applications2007-69
494. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-xitimonitor2007-70
495. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-globalstats2007-71
496. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-zeitgeist2004-72
497. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook
498. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
499. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone
500. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer
501. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology
502. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_gaming
503. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation
504. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
505. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Deck
506. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil
507. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-73
508. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items
509. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=6
510. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_flight_system_Linux_bootup_flat.jpg
511. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-flight_entertainment
512. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman
513. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-74
514. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zo%C3%AB_Kooyman&action=edit&redlink=1
515. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-75
516. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-76
517. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management
518. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=7
519. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel#Architecture_and_features
520. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source
521. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution
522. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection
523. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation#Induced_mutation
524. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-77
525. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
526. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-78
527. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Cantrill
528. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-79
529. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-80
530. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
531. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral
532. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
533. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
534. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-81
535. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
536. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc
537. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
538. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_toolchain
539. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
540. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities
541. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands
542. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
543. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
544. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
545. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
546. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-82
547. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
548. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
549. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
550. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
551. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice
552. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP
553. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(software)
554. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0_A.D._(video_game)
555. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
556. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
557. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC
558. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runit
559. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd
560. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computing)
561. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polkit
562. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)
563. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSH
564. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udevd
565. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowing_system
566. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
567. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(protocol)
568. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SurfaceFlinger
569. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)
570. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD_Radeon_Software
571. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
572. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)
573. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries
574. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
575. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_and_Fast_Multimedia_Library
576. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK
577. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep
578. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
579. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fopen
580. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exec_(system_call)
581. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malloc
582. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memcpy
583. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localtime
584. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pthread_create
585. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine
586. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glibc
587. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musl
588. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClibc
589. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)
590. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
591. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
592. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
593. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
594. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_(system_call)
595. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splice_(system_call)
596. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dup_(system_call)
597. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_(system_call)
598. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_(system_call)
599. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioctl
600. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_(system_call)
601. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap
602. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_(system_call)
603. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_(system_call)
604. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_call
605. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
606. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
607. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-83
608. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
609. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
610. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management
611. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
612. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture
613. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Infrastructure
614. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdev
615. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc
616. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)
617. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper
618. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Network_Scheduler
619. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter
620. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules
621. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux
622. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOMOYO_Linux
623. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor
624. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smack_(Linux_security_module)
625. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit
626. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory
627. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
628. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-oreilly-anatomy-82
629. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-84
630. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader
631. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
632. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(bootloader)
633. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX
634. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd-boot
635. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_memory
636. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware
637. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
638. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysvinit
639. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd
640. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenRC
641. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstart_(software)
642. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
643. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
644. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format
645. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_linker
646. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ld-linux.so
647. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_file
648. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
649. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_C_Library
650. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer
651. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa_(computer_graphics)
652. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
653. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
654. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musl
655. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLIBC
656. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClibc
657. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UClinux
658. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_(software)
659. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Linux
660. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusyBox
661. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toybox
662. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit
663. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
664. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
665. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutter_(software)
666. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Project
667. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(software)
668. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Project
669. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Qt_Company
670. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_Foundation_Libraries
671. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)
672. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager
673. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpkg
674. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_Package_Manager
675. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing)
676. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=8
677. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
678. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
679. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_emulator
680. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_console
681. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
682. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Userland_(computing)
683. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
684. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI_shell
685. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
686. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
687. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(desktop_environment)
688. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)
689. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE
690. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_OS
691. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce
692. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_transparency
693. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-85
694. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server
695. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager
696. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling_window_manager
697. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_window_manager
698. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacking_window_manager
699. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing_window_manager
700. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager
701. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwm
702. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratpoison
703. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I3_(window_manager)
704. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(computing)
705. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FVWM
706. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software)
707. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Maker
708. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskbar
709. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_(computing)
710. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software)
711. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin
712. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfwm
713. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
714. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-86
715. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-87
716. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=9
717. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video4Linux
718. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video4Linux
719. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB
720. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-88
721. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-89
722. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-90
723. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=10
724. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_timeline.en.svg
725. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
726. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
727. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
728. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
729. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-MarketShare09NOV-91
730. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license
731. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license
732. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
733. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-92
734. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability
735. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-93
736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification
737. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-94
738. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base
739. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization
740. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute
741. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-95
742. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-96
743. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration
744. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(software)
745. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_(software)
746. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZYpp
747. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacman_(package_manager)
748. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)
749. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-97
750. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=11
751. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement
752. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_user_group
753. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
754. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat
755. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
756. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_S.A.
757. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE
758. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-98
759. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-99
760. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_User_Group
761. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat
762. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsgroup
763. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_forum
764. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxQuestions.org
765. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
766. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
767. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailing_list
768. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_disk
769. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-100
770. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-101
771. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-102
772. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel
773. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung
774. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
775. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD
776. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation
777. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook
778. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux_Foundation_2021-11-14-102
779. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_(company)
780. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_S.A.
781. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_license
782. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis
783. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_model
784. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
785. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_DOS
786. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS
787. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=12
788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language
789. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting
790. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-103
791. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_toolchain
792. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection
793. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Build_System
794. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)
795. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B
796. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)
797. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
798. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
799. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
800. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)
801. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)
802. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
803. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(programming_language)
804. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)
805. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell
806. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLVM
807. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
808. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_C%2B%2B_Compiler
809. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Studio_(software)
810. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_XL_C/C%2B%2B_Compilers
811. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC
812. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming
813. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QB64
814. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureBasic
815. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yabasic
816. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLBasic
817. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic4GL
818. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBasic
819. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WxBasic
820. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdlBasic
821. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic-256
822. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_oriented_programming
823. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambas
824. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBASIC
825. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B4X
826. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_for_Qt&action=edit&redlink=1
827. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Object_Basic
828. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Basic
829. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProvideX
830. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipmunk_Basic
831. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidQ
832. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xojo
833. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)
834. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Pascal
835. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Pascal
836. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Pascal
837. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(software)
838. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PascalABC.NET
839. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_(software)
840. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireMonkey
841. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borland_Kylix
842. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language
843. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script
844. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK
845. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed
846. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
847. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression
848. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep
849. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locate_(Unix)
850. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendmail
851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness
852. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Emacs
853. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs_Lisp
854. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
855. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
856. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)
857. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)
858. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language
859. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)
860. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure
861. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages
862. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)
863. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_(programming_language)
864. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)
865. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guile_(programming_language)
866. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language
867. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_typing
868. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy
869. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_programming
870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding
871. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_virtual_machine
872. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)
873. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe
874. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikes_RVM
875. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)
876. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)
877. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Groovy
878. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages
879. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE
880. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTK
881. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)
882. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_integrated_development_environments
883. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment
884. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuta
885. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code::Blocks
886. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CodeLite
887. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_(software)
888. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany
889. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveState_Komodo
890. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDevelop
891. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(software)
892. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonoDevelop
893. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBeans
894. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_Creator
895. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)
896. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_nano
897. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
898. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-104
899. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=13
900. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linux_kernel_ubiquity.svg
901. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures
902. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
903. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family
904. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Z
905. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset
906. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)
907. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086
908. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80286
909. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9CClinux
910. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit
911. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh
912. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-105
913. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-106
914. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC
915. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel
916. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_silicon
917. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant
918. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console
919. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_player
920. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-107
921. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(meeting)
922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomHEC
923. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-108
924. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-linuxhw-109
925. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=14
926. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_range_of_use
927. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=15
928. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_adoption
929. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
930. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-110
931. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-111
932. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-112
933. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in
934. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-113
935. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-114
936. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_analytics
937. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
938. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer
939. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
941. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-statcounter-desktop-29
942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-115
943. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
944. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-116
945. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-117
946. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
947. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
948. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-118
949. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-119
950. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Corporation
951. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-Linux-watch.com_IDC's_Q1_2007_report-120
952. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatCounter
953. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-121
954. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
955. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-122
956. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
957. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
958. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-123
959. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)
960. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-124
961. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-125
962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation
963. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar
964. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weta_Digital
965. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic
966. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-126
967. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-127
968. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-128
969. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-129
970. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-130
971. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala
972. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-131
973. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-132
974. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
975. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loongson
976. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-133
977. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France
978. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany
979. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-134
980. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_OS
981. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit
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983. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&action=edit§ion=16
984. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy
985. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes
986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
987. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-136
988. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License
989. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server
990. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-137
992. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-138
993. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
994. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-139
995. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-140
996. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
997. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_lines_of_code
998. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-estimating_size-141
999. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCOMO
1000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-142
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1002. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B
1003. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)
1004. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran
1005. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script
1006. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-estimating_size-141
1007. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-143
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1010. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-144
1011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-US_trademark-12
1012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-145
1013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute
1014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-146
1015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-147
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1017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
1018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-gnu_linux_faq-19
1019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-linux-and-gnu-20
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1021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-tivo-149
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1024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
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1026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisquel_GNU/Linux
1027. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre
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1029. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNewSense
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1038. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software
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1060. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widget_toolkit
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1062. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_ref-10
1063. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Coreutils
1064. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_note-8
1065. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
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1071. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#cite_ref-32
1072. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500
1073. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINPACK_benchmarks#HPL
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1660. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Axboe
1661. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Brouwer
1662. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9my_Card
1663. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cox_(computer_programmer)
1664. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Garrett
1665. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kerrisk
1666. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Kolivas
1667. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kroah-Hartman
1668. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_Leung
1669. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Love
1670. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_S._Miller
1671. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r
1672. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)
1673. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Packard
1674. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reiser
1675. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Russell
1676. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Sharp
1677. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds
1678. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ts%27o
1679. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Tweedie
1680. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Weil
1681. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Welte
1682. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wright_(programmer)
1683. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
1684. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva
1685. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman
1686. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tiemann
1687. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
1688. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Designer
1689. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%ABl_Duval
1690. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ewing
1691. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill
1692. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(computer_programmer)
1693. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Murdock
1694. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Robbins_(computer_programmer)
1695. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Silber
1696. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth
1697. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Volkerding
1698. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Young_(businessman)
1699. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothee_Besset
1700. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Ettrich
1701. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Fourdan
1702. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Galassi
1703. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gettys
1704. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_C._Gordon
1705. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hoyer
1706. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza
1707. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havoc_Pennington
1708. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Poettering
1709. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Sievers
1710. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Taylor_(game_programmer)
1711. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Waugh
1712. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Aurora
1713. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Benjamin
1714. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Coar
1715. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gardiner
1716. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Hall_(programmer)
1717. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Heinz
1718. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn
1719. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Perens
1720. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_S._Raymond
1721. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_Andrews
1722. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jono_Bacon
1723. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Bergelt
1724. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Jones
1725. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Randal
1726. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Sandler
1727. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Sifry
1728. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Villa
1729. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewTux.svg
1730. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linux
1731. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Linux_distributions
1732. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Linux_distributions
1733. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linux_distributions
1734. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution
1735. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
1736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//e/_(operating_system)
1737. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86
1738. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalyxOS
1739. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android-x86#Project_Celadon
1740. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ColorOS
1741. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivestOS
1742. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMUI
1743. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_OS
1744. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrapheneOS
1745. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LineageOS
1746. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIUI
1747. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_UI
1748. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoid_Android_(operating_system)
1749. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PixelExperience
1750. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicant_(operating_system)
1751. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_Remix_OS
1752. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniROM
1753. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
1754. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchBang
1755. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchLabs
1756. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artix_Linux
1757. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackArch
1758. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EndeavourOS
1759. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugalware_Linux
1760. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Linux
1761. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbola_GNU/Linux-libre
1762. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinHES
1763. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjaro
1764. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola_GNU/Linux-libre
1765. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
1766. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SystemRescue
1767. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1768. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
1769. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edubuntu
1770. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubuntu
1771. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuntu
1772. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Budgie
1773. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Cinnamon
1774. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Kylin
1775. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_MATE
1776. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Studio
1777. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Unity
1778. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubuntu
1779. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackBox
1780. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Linux
1781. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_OS
1782. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmabunt%C3%BCs
1783. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_neon
1784. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freespire
1785. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Lite
1786. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Mint
1787. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXLE_Linux
1788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_(operating_system)
1789. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppermint_OS
1790. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop!_OS
1791. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisquel
1792. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch
1793. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk_GNU/Linux
1794. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorin_OS
1795. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AntiX
1796. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Linux
1797. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Operating_System_Solutions
1798. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlankOn_Linux
1799. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Small_Linux
1800. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepin
1801. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devuan
1802. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elive
1803. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_OS
1804. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreedomBox
1805. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisen_Linux
1806. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Linux
1807. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanotix
1808. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoppix
1809. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_Linux
1810. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrot_OS
1811. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PureOS
1812. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_OS
1813. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q4OS
1814. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slax
1815. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SparkyLinux
1816. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SolydXK
1817. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SteamOS
1818. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)
1819. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_Operating_System
1820. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whonix
1821. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1822. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlmaLinux
1823. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Linux
1824. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS_Stream
1825. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearOS
1826. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EulerOS
1827. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linpus_Linux
1828. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_Linux
1829. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Linux
1830. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubes_OS
1831. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
1832. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_OS
1833. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocks_Cluster_Distribution
1834. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Linux
1835. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailfish_OS
1836. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizen
1837. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1838. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculate_Linux
1839. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromiumOS
1840. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
1841. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentoo
1842. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandriva_Linux
1843. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALT_Linux
1844. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mageia
1845. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMandriva_Lx
1846. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCLinuxOS
1847. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROSA_Linux
1848. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware
1849. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumi_Linux
1850. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porteus_(operating_system)
1851. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_OS
1852. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slax
1853. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenwalk
1854. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1855. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSUSE
1856. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux_Enterprise
1857. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Enterprise_Server
1858. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeckoLinux
1859. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4MLinux
1860. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Linux
1861. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAOS_(operating_system)
1862. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_Linux
1863. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Linux_OS
1864. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRUX
1865. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwort_Linux
1866. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoboLinux
1867. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Guix_System
1868. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaiOS
1869. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaOS
1870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NixOS
1871. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Linux
1872. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Mage
1873. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solus_(operating_system)
1874. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T2_SDE
1875. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny_Core_Linux
1876. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_Linux
1877. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1878. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturix
1879. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lab_Linux
1880. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Linux
1881. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobuntu
1882. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOS_(operating_system)
1883. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Caixa_M%C3%A1gica
1884. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxTLE
1885. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguy_OS
1886. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabily
1887. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_GNOME
1888. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackTrack
1889. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corel_Linux
1890. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrunchBang_Linux
1891. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoudouLinux
1892. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlinux
1893. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_Linux
1894. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNewSense
1895. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HandyLinux
1896. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libranet
1897. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musix_GNU%2BLinux
1898. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsix
1899. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwah_Linux
1900. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1901. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_Linux
1902. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incognito_(operating_system)
1903. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabayon_Linux
1904. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB_Machine
1905. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
1906. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1907. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAG_Linux_and_GNU
1908. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentOS
1909. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korora_(operating_system)
1910. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_for_PlayStation_2
1911. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Linux
1912. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Blue_Linux
1913. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbolinux
1914. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_Linux
1915. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Linux
1916. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackware
1917. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioSLAX
1918. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damn_Vulnerable_Linux
1919. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KateOS
1920. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoni_(operating_system)
1921. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NimbleX
1922. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platypux
1923. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopologiLinux
1924. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VectorLinux
1925. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1926. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Studio
1927. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antergos
1928. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera_OpenLinux
1929. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra_(operating_system)
1930. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyanogenMod
1931. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DemoLinux
1932. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_Linux
1933. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS
1934. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox_OS#B2G_OS
1935. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppyfw
1936. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresight_Linux
1937. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunix
1938. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurix
1939. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Router_Project
1940. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCC_Interim_Linux
1941. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeeGo
1942. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_(software_distribution)
1943. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilinux
1944. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitix
1945. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenELEC
1946. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
1947. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_OS
1948. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softlanding_Linux_System
1949. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorcerer_(operating_system)
1950. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashtop_OS
1951. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkix
1952. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions
1953. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewTux.svg
1954. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Linux
1955. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions
1956. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux_distributions
1957. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unix
1958. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Unix
1959. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix
1960. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
1961. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
1962. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
1963. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_layer
1964. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_architecture
1965. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_filesystem
1966. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unix
1967. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy
1968. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_security
1969. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell
1970. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
1971. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
1972. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/386BSD
1973. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
1974. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD
1975. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
1976. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly_BSD
1977. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXTSTEP
1978. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)
1979. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS
1980. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
1981. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AudioOS
1982. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPadOS
1983. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS
1984. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WatchOS
1985. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BridgeOS
1986. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS
1987. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrix
1988. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)
1989. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Linux
1990. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChromeOS
1991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
1992. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux
1993. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_Linux
1994. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux
1995. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSE_Linux
1996. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu
1997. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions
1998. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V
1999. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/UX
2000. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX
2001. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX
2002. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX
2003. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenServer
2004. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Solaris
2005. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSolaris
2006. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumos
2007. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tru64_UNIX
2008. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnixWare
2009. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)
2010. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain/OS
2011. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
2012. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Hurd
2013. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LynxOS
2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix
2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)
2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSF/1
2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX
2018. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_10
2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Unix
2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SerenityOS
2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems
2023. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_layer
2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygwin
2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_(software)
2026. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_(software)
2027. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility
2028. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interix
2029. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MachTen
2030. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem
2031. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKS_Toolkit
2032. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_i#PASE
2033. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.I.P.S.
2034. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF
2035. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_Services
2036. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies
2037. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX
2038. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux
2039. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix
2040. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix
2041. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:FOSS
2042. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS
2043. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS
2044. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software
2045. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software
2046. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software
2047. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities
2048. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software
2049. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories
2050. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre
2051. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term_support
2052. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software
2053. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_development
2054. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_free_software
2055. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software
2056. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
2057. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio
2058. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software
2059. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs
2060. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software
2061. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
2062. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver
2063. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers
2064. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software
2065. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics
2066. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_office_suites
2067. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems
2068. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms
2069. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_television_software
2070. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games
2071. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications
2072. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software
2073. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications
2074. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications
2075. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services
2076. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software
2077. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software
2078. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice
2079. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software_movement
2080. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software
2081. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source-software_movement
2082. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free-software_events
2083. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy
2084. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations
2085. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India
2086. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
2087. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-software_license
2088. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Free_License
2089. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License
2090. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License
2091. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_License
2092. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerware
2093. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_licenses
2094. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license
2095. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License
2096. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License
2097. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation
2098. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License
2099. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License
2100. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License
2101. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license
2102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_License
2103. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License
2104. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_License
2105. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License
2106. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative
2107. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepycat_License
2108. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlicense
2109. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTFPL
2110. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlib_License
2111. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses
2112. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement
2113. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
2114. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines
2115. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works
2116. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_license
2117. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition
2118. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition
2119. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_license
2120. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_software_license
2121. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain
2122. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_license
2123. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management
2124. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License_proliferation
2125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian
2126. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver
2127. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_firmware
2128. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
2129. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes
2130. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software
2131. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software_security
2132. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_Computing
2133. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)
2134. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Manifesto
2135. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise
2136. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-core_model
2137. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware
2138. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative
2139. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source-available_software
2140. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
2141. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_OS
2142. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software
2143. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_software
2144. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Operating_systems
2145. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems
2146. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems
2147. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
2148. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems
2149. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering
2150. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_operating_systems
2151. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems
2152. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems
2153. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems
2154. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems
2155. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_operating_system
2156. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_operating_system
2157. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system
2158. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system
2159. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system
2160. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system
2161. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_operating_system
2162. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system
2163. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
2164. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system
2165. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)
2166. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_architecture
2167. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exokernel
2168. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_kernel
2169. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microkernel
2170. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_kernel
2171. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multikernel
2172. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vkernel
2173. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rump_kernel
2174. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unikernel
2175. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver
2176. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module
2177. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space
2178. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(computing)
2179. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
2180. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking
2181. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemption_(computing)
2182. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_switch
2183. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt
2184. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
2185. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)
2186. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control_block
2187. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system
2188. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)
2189. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-sharing
2190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)
2191. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling
2192. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue
2193. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling
2194. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_job_next
2195. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)
2196. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_resource
2197. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_error
2198. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_protection_fault
2199. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_paging
2200. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_protection
2201. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring
2202. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_fault
2203. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
2204. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory
2205. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
2206. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER
2207. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation
2208. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file
2209. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_attribute
2210. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
2211. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaling_file_system
2212. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning
2213. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system
2214. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_tape_library
2215. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API
2216. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
2217. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_abstraction
2218. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
2219. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_USB
2220. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
2221. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
2222. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface
2223. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment
2224. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control
2225. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388#identifiers
2226. https://viaf.org/viaf/185985901
2227. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124906479
2228. https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124906479
2229. https://d-nb.info/gnd/4337730-0
2230. http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007289819405171
2231. https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94087892
2232. https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117043&CON_LNG=ENG
2233. https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record51688
2234. https://www.idref.fr/034116125
2235. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&oldid=1221360000
2236. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category
2237. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linux
2238. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1991_software
2239. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Computing_platforms
2240. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cross-platform_software
2241. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_inventions
2242. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Free_software_programmed_in_C
2243. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Linus_Torvalds
2244. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Operating_systems
2245. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix_variants
2246. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension
2247. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list
2248. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list
2249. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links
2250. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024
2251. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description
2252. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata
2253. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2016
2254. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2020
2255. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English
2256. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2022
2257. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements
2258. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_March_2024
2259. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2017
2260. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_more_detailed_references
2261. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_November_2023
2262. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations
2263. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA
2264. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time
2265. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2024
2266. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022
2267. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_February_2024
2268. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2015
2269. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2020
2270. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013
2271. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2021
2272. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2002
2273. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2011
2274. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search
2275. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Curlie_links
2276. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers
2277. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers
2278. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers
2279. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers
2280. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers
2281. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers
2282. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers
2283. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLG_identifiers
2284. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers
2285. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License
2286. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use
2287. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
2288. https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/
2289. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy
2290. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About
2291. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer
2292. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
2293. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct
2294. https://developer.wikimedia.org/
2295. https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org
2296. https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement
2297. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile
2298. https://wikimediafoundation.org/
2299. https://www.mediawiki.org/
Hidden links:
2301. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
2302. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#History
2303. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Precursors
2304. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Creation
2305. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Naming
2306. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Commercial_and_popular_uptake
2307. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Current_development[when?]
2308. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Design
2309. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#User_interface
2310. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Video_input_infrastructure
2311. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Development
2312. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Community
2313. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Programming_on_Linux
2314. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Hardware_support
2315. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Uses
2316. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Market_share_and_uptake
2317. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Copyright,_trademark,_and_naming
2318. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#See_also
2319. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#Notes
2320. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#References
2321. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux#External_links
2322. https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF
2323. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Linus-linux.ogg/Linus-linux.ogg.mp3
2324. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg
2325. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg
2326. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License
Usage: http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/URL
e.g. http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/http://www.kk-software.de
Errormessages are in German, sorry ;-)