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   [48]GNU Home  / [49]About GNU / [50]GNU history /

Initial Announcement

   This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by [51]Richard
   Stallman on September 27, 1983.

   The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from this initial
   plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until January 1984. Several of the
   philosophical concepts of [52]free software were not clarified until a few years
   later.
     ____________________________________________________________________________

Free Unix!

   Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible
   software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free[53][1] to
   everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are
   greatly needed.

   To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to write and
   run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker, assembler, and a few other
   things. After this we will add a text formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a
   spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things. We hope to supply, eventually,
   everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else
   useful, including on-line and hardcopy documentation.

   GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. We will
   make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience with other
   operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer filenames, file version
   numbers, a crashproof file system, filename completion perhaps,
   terminal-independent display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system
   through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a
   screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We
   will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
   UUCP. We may also have something compatible with UUCP.

Who Am I?

   I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor, now
   at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked extensively on
   compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the Incompatible Timesharing
   System and the Lisp Machine operating system. I pioneered terminal-independent
   display support in ITS. In addition I have implemented one crashproof file system
   and two window systems for Lisp machines.

Why I Must Write GNU

   I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it
   with other people who like it. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure
   agreement or a software license agreement.

   So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles, I have
   decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able
   to get along without any software that is not free.

How You Can Contribute

   I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm
   asking individuals for donations of programs and work.

   One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine. But we could
   use more. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will
   run on them at an early date. The machine had better be able to operate in a
   residential area, and not require sophisticated cooling or power.

   Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate of some
   Unix utility and giving it to me. For most projects, such part-time distributed
   work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not
   work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is
   absent. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each
   contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work with the rest of
   GNU.

   If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part
   time. The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for whom knowing they
   are helping humanity is as important as money. I view this as a way of enabling
   dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
   the need to make a living in another way.

   For more information, contact me.


    Arpanet mail:
    RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA


    Usenet:
    ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
    ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ


    US Snail:
    Richard Stallman
    166 Prospect St
    Cambridge, MA 02139
     ____________________________________________________________________________

Original message

   For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its original form.
From CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
Subject: new Unix implementation
Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA

Free Unix!

Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
give it away free[54][1] to everyone who can use it.
Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
needed.

To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
on-line and hardcopy documentation.

GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular,
we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible
with UUCP.


Who Am I?

I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I
have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
Lisp machines.


Why I Must Write GNU

I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
agreement.

So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.


How You Can Contribute

I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.

One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
sophisticated cooling or power.

Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
with the rest of GNU.

If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.


For more information, contact me.
Arpanet mail:
  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA

Usenet:
  ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ

US Snail:
  Richard Stallman
  166 Prospect St
  Cambridge, MA 02139

Footnote

    1. The wording here was careless. The intention was that nobody would have to
       pay for permission to use the GNU system. But the words don't make this
       clear, and people often interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should
       always be distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent.
       Subsequently I have learned to distinguish carefully between "free" in the
       sense of freedom and "free" in the sense of price. Free software is software
       that users have the freedom to distribute and change. Some users may obtain
       copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain copies--and if the funds help
       support improving the software, so much the better. The important thing is
       that everyone who has a copy has the freedom to cooperate with others in
       using it.
       The expression "give away" is another indication that I had not yet clearly
       separated the issue of price from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding
       this expression when talking about free software. See "[55]Confusing Words
       and Phrases" for more explanation.
     ____________________________________________________________________________

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