#[1]Scholarpedia (en) [2]Scholarpedia Atom feed

Encyclopedia:Touch

   From Scholarpedia
   Jump to: [3]navigation, [4]search

     * Editor: [5]Prof. Tony J. Prescott, Dept Psychology, Univ of Sheffield, UK
     * Editor: [6]Prof. Ehud Ahissar, Dept of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Inst,
       Rehovot

   Touch is the ability to understand the world through physical contact. The noun
   "touch" and the verb "to touch" derive from the Old French verb "tochier". Touch
   perception is also described by the adjectives tactile, from the Latin
   "tactilis", and haptic, from the Greek "hapto's". Academic research concerned
   with touch is also often described as haptics.

   The aim of the Scholarpedia Encyclopedia of Touch is to provide a comprehensive
   set of articles, written by leading researchers and peer-reviewed by fellow
   scientists, detailing the current scientific understanding of the sense of touch
   and of its neural substrates in animals including humans. It is hoped that the
   encyclopedia will encourage sharing of ideas and insights between researchers
   working on different aspects of touch and in different species, including
   research in synthetic touch systems. In addition it is hoped that the
   encyclopedia will raise awareness of research in tactile sensing and promote
   increased scientific and public interest in the field.

   Our encyclopedia assembles a state-of-the-art understanding of the sense of touch
   across a broad range of species from invertebrates such as stick insects and
   spiders, terrestrial and marine mammals, through to humans. The different
   contributions show not only the varieties of touch--antennae, whiskers,
   fingertips--but also their commonalities. They explore how touch sensing has
   evolved in different animal lineages, how it serves to provide rapid and reliable
   cues for controlling ongoing behaviour, how it develops, and how it can
   disintegrate when our brains begin to fail. In addition to analysing natural
   touch, we also consider how engineering is beginning to exploit physical
   analogues of these biological systems so as to endow robots, and other engineered
   artefacts, with rich tactile sensing capabilities.

Scope and Structure

   Following an introductory chapter--[7]The World of Touch--our encyclopedia is
   structured into four sections:
     * Comparative touch: There are a large number of specialist tactile sensory
       organs in the animal kingdom. This section contains articles on animal
       species that exhibit interesting or exceptional tactile sensing abilities. We
       particularly focus of antennal systems in insects, and on vibrissal systems
       in both terrestrial and marine mammals.
     * The psychology of touch: The study of human cutaneous touch has a rich and
       long history in psychology and psychophysics. The pioneering studies of Ernst
       Weber (1795-1878) distinguished different forms of touch--pressure,
       temperature and pain--all of which are separately considered in our
       encyclopedia along with dynamical (effortful) touch and the tactile
       perception of force, along with some relevant forms of interoception
       (internal sensing) and proprioception (sense of body position). A particular
       focus of recent research has been towards the combination of tactile sensing
       with manipulation and grasp in the human hand. Alongside the study of healthy
       touch, this section also considers research on touch disorders, the loss of
       tactile acuity with ageing, and the phenomenon of phantom touch.
     * The neuroscience of touch: A scientific understanding of the biological
       substrates for tactile sensing is beginning to emerge at all levels from the
       sensory periphery through to the somatosensory and multimodal areas of
       cortex. Perhaps more than other sensory modality, tactile sensing is
       critically dependent on the movement of the sensing apparatus, therefore
       touch is increasingly studies from an active perception
       perspective--understanding active touch (in contrast to passive touch) as an
       intentional, information-seeking activity that combines sensing with
       actuation. The investigation of the sensorimotor control loops involved in
       mammalian active touch has been significantly advanced by the availability of
       the rodent vibrissal sensory system as an animal model. This section
       therefore combines studies in both primates (including humans) and rodents to
       show how neurobiological research is beginning to demonstrate an in-depth
       understanding of tactile sensing systems in mammals.
     * Synthetic Touch: Touch sensing is giving rise to a range of exciting new
       technologies. This section highlights some of the most promising from tactile
       sensors for robots and haptic displays for the visually-impaired, through to
       virtual touch systems that can allow the extension of touch, through
       telecommunication technologies, as a modality for communication.

Authorship

   The Encyclopedia went online in February 2008 and was substantially revised and
   extended December 2014 to March 2015. Contributors to the Encyclopedia include:

   [8]Ehud Ahissar, [9]Kevin Alloway, [10]Ehsan Arabzadeh, [11]Amos Arieli,
   [12]Eldad Assa, [13]Soledad Ballesteros, [14]Friedrich Barth, [15]Sliman
   Bensmaia, [16]Wouter Bergmann Tiest, [17]Bill Blessing, [18]Yannick Bleyenheuft,
   [19]David Brang, [20]Michael Brecht, [21]Claudia Carello, [22]Manuel
   Castro-Alamancos, [23]Shubo Chakrabarti, [24]Elaine Chapman, [25]Adrian Cheok
   [26]Chris Comer, [27]Christine Crish, [28]Samuel Crish, [29]Guido Dehnhardt,
   [30]Stuart Derbyshire, [31]Martin Deschenes, [32]Chris Dijkerman, [33]Mathew
   Diamond, [34]Volker Dürr, [35]Valerie Ego-Stengel, [36]Dirk Feldmeyer, [37]Ian
   Gibbins, [38]Goren Gordon, [39]Robyn Grant, [40]Frank Grasso, [41]Sebastian
   Haidarliu, [42]Wolf Hanke, [43]Matthais Harders, [44]Mitra Hartmann, [45]Vincent
   Hayward, [46]Moritz von Heimendahl, [47]Morton Heller, [48]Leif Johannson,
   [49]Lynette Jones, [50]Jon Kaas, [51]Astrid Kappers, [52]Asaf Keller, [53]Yeongmi
   Kim, [54]Shigeru Kitazawa, [55]Roberta Klatzky, [56]Per Knutsen, [57]Simon Lacey,
   [58]Ilan Lampl, [59]Nathan Lepora, [60]Gerald Loeb, [61]Ellen Lumpkin, [62]Uriel
   Martinez, [63]Sabah Master, [64]Milana Mileusnic, [65]Ben Mitchinson, [66]Yalda
   Moayedi, [67]Chris Moore, [68]Frank Moss, [69]Masashi Nakatani, [70]Guy
   Nellinger, [71]Jiro Okada, [72]Michael Okun, [73]Martin Pearson, [74]Tony Pipe,
   [75]Gilang Pradana, [76]Tony Prescott, [77]Vilayanur Ramachandran, [78]Mark
   Redfern, [79]Catherine Reed, [80]Roger Reep, [81]Claudia Roth-Alpermann,
   [82]Diana Sarko, [83]Krish Sathian, [84]Cornelius Schwarz, [85]Phil Servos,
   [86]Namrata Shinde, [87]Daniel Shulz, [88]Jochen Staiger, [89]Haike van Stralen,
   [90]Jean Louis Thonnard, [91]Francois Tremblay, [92]Michael Turvey, [93]Nadia
   Urbain, [94]Jamie Ward, [95]Martin Wells, [96]Lon Wilkens, [97]Stuart Wilson,
   [98]Alan Wing, [99]Shinya Yamamoto, [100]Phil Zeigler, [101]Yael
   Zilbershtain-Kra.

Acknowledgements

   The Encyclopedia of Touch was part-sponsored by the European Union Framework 7
   project BIOTACT (BIOmimetic Technology for vibrissal ACtive Touch)
   (FP7-ICT-215910), one of whose goals was to promote research in the fields of
   natural and synthetic tactile sensing. Tony Prescott's contribution to editing
   the Encyclopaedia was also assisted by support from the Framework 7 Co-ordination
   Action "The Convergent Science Network of Biomimetics and Neurotechnology"
   (FP7-ICT-601167). The collaboration between the editors was facilitated by
   support from a Weizmann-UK grant from the Weizmann Institute of Science.

   The following Scholarpedia Assistants provided substantial assistance to the
   specified articles:

   [102]Swetamber Das ([103]Tactile temporal order, [104]Imaging human touch,
   [105]Whisking control by motor cortex), [106]Javier Elkin ([107]Touch in aging),
   [108]Serguei A. Mokhov ([109]Models of tactile perception and development,
   [110]Systems Neuroscience of Touch), [111]Shruti Muralidhar ([112]S1
   microcircuits, [113]Tactile object perception), [114]Abdellatif Nemri
   ([115]Dynamic touch), [116]B. Lungsi Sharma ([117]A spider's tactile hairs), and
   [118]Juzar Thingna ([119]Tactile Substitution for Vision, [120]Whisking pattern
   generation).

   Additionally, [121]Nick Orbeck provided copy-editing for most of the articles.

Articles
     ____________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

     * [122]The world of touch

Comparative Touch

     * [123]Cockroach antennae
     * [124]Stick Insect antennae
     * [125]A spider's tactile hairs
     * [126]Tactile sensing in the octopus
     * [127]Tactile sensing in the naked mole rat
     * [128]Vibrissal behavior and function
     * [129]Vibrissal touch in the Etruscan shrew
     * [130]Vibrissal touch in pinnipeds
     * [131]Tactile hair in manatees

The Psychology of Touch

     * [132]Active tactile perception
     * [133]Tactile object perception
     * [134]Haptic exploration
     * [135]Haptic saliency
     * [136]Shape from touch
     * [137]Texture from touch
     * [138]Haptic perception of force
     * [139]Dynamic (effortful) touch
     * [140]Observed touch
     * [141]Painful touch
     * [142]Thermal touch
     * [143]Tactile control of balance
     * [144]Tactile temporal order
     * [145]Tactile suppression
     * [146]Crossmodal and multisensory interactions between vision and touch
     * [147]Aftereffects in touch
     * [148]Tactile illusions
     * [149]Development of touch
     * [150]Touch in aging
     * [151]Central touch disorders
     * [152]Phantom touch
     * [153]Visually-impaired touch

The Neuroscience of Touch

     * [154]Systems neuroscience of touch
     * [155]Mechanoreceptors and stochastic resonance
     * [156]Mammalian mechanoreception
     * [157]Proprioceptors and models of transduction
     * [158]Autonomic nervous system
     * [159]Imaging human touch
     * [160]Primate S1 cortex
     * [161]S1 laminar specialization
     * [162]S1 long-term plasticity
     * [163]S1 microcircuits
     * [164]S1 somatotopic maps
     * [165]Balance of excitation and inhibition
     * [166]Vibrissa mechanical properties
     * [167]Whisking kinematics
     * [168]Whisking musculature
     * [169]Whisking pattern generation
     * [170]Vibrissal afferents from trigeminus to cortices
     * [171]Vibrissal basal ganglia circuits
     * [172]Vibrissal mechanoreceptors
     * [173]Vibrissal midbrain loops
     * [174]Vibrissal thalamic modes
     * [175]Vibrissal location coding
     * [176]Vibrissal texture decoding
     * [177]Whisking control by motor cortex
     * [178]Tactile attention in the vibrissal system

Synthetic Touch

     * [179]Tactile sensors
     * [180]Models of tactile perception and development
     * [181]Whiskered robots
     * [182]Haptic displays
     * [183]Tactile substitution for vision
     * [184]Virtual touch

   Retrieved from
   "[185]http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&oldid=1871
   79"
   [186]Categories:
     * [187]Touch
     * [188]Neuroscience
     * [189]Cognitive Neuroscience
     * [190]Computational Neuroscience

Personal tools

     * [191]Log in

Namespaces

     * [192]Encyclopedia
     * [193]Discussion

Variants

Views

     * [194]Read
     * [195]View source
     * [196]View history

Actions

Search

   ____________________ (BUTTON) Search

Navigation

     * [197]Main page
     * [198]About
     * [199]Propose a new article
     * [200]Instructions for Authors
     * [201]Random article
     * [202]FAQs
     * [203]Help

Focal areas

     * [204]Astrophysics
     * [205]Celestial mechanics
     * [206]Computational neuroscience
     * [207]Computational intelligence
     * [208]Dynamical systems
     * [209]Physics
     * [210]Touch
     * [211]More topics

Activity

     * [212]Recently published articles
     * [213]Recently sponsored articles
     * [214]Recent changes
     * [215]All articles
     * [216]List all Curators
     * [217]List all users
     * [218]Scholarpedia Journal

Tools

     * [219]What links here
     * [220]Related changes
     * [221]Special pages
     * [222]Printable version
     * [223]Permanent link

     * [224][twitter.png?303]
     * [225][gplus-16.png]
     * [226][facebook.png?303]
     * [227][linkedin.png?303]

     * [228]Powered by MediaWiki [229]Powered by MathJax [230]Creative Commons
       License

     * This page was last modified on 15 November 2018, at 12:08.
     * This page has been accessed 144,944 times.

     * [231]Privacy policy
     * [232]About Scholarpedia
     * [233]Disclaimers

References

   Visible links:
   1. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php
   2. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom
   3. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch#mw-head
   4. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch#p-search
   5. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Tony_J._Prescott
   6. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ehud_Ahissar
   7. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/The_World_of_Touch
   8. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ehud_Ahissar
   9. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Kevin_Alloway
  10. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ehsan_Arabzadeh
  11. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Amos_Arieli
  12. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Eldad_Assa
  13. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Soledad_Ballesteros
  14. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Friedrich_Barth
  15. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Sliman_Bensmaia
  16. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Wouter_M._Bergmann_Tiest
  17. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Bill_Blessing
  18. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Yannick_Bleyenheuft
  19. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:David_Brang
  20. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Michael_Brecht
  21. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Claudia_Carello
  22. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Manuel_Castro-Alamancos
  23. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Shubo_Chakrabarti
  24. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Elaine_Chapman
  25. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Adrian_Cheok
  26. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Chris_Comer
  27. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Christine_Crish
  28. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Samuel_Crish
  29. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Guido_Dehnhardt
  30. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Stuart_Derbyshire
  31. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Martin_Deschenes
  32. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Chris_Dijkerman
  33. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Mathew_Diamond
  34. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Volker_Duerr
  35. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Valerie_Ego-Stengel
  36. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Dirk_Feldmeyer
  37. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ian_Gibbins
  38. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Goren_Gordon
  39. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Robyn_Grant
  40. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Frank_Grasso
  41. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Sebastian_Haidarliu
  42. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Wolf_Hanke
  43. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Matthais_Harders
  44. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Mitra_Hartmann
  45. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Vincent_Hayward
  46. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Moritz_von_Heimendahl
  47. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Morton_Heller
  48. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Leif_Johannson
  49. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Lynette_Jones
  50. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Jon_Kaas
  51. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Astrid_Kappers
  52. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Asaf_Keller
  53. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Yeongmi_Kim
  54. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Shigeru_Kitazawa
  55. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Roberta_Klatzky
  56. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Per_Knutsen
  57. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Simon_Lacey
  58. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ilan_Lampl
  59. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Nathan_Lepora
  60. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Gerald_E._Loeb
  61. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ellen_Lumpkin
  62. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Uriel_Martinez
  63. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Sabah_Master
  64. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Milana_Mileusnic
  65. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Ben_Mitchinson
  66. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Yalda_Moayedi
  67. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Chris_Moore
  68. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Frank_Moss
  69. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Masashi_Nakatani
  70. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Guy_Nellinger
  71. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Jiro_Okada
  72. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Michael_Okun
  73. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Martin_Pearson
  74. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Tony_Pipe
  75. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Gilang_Andi_Pradana
  76. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Tony_Prescott
  77. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Vilayanur_Ramachandran
  78. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Mark_S._Redfern
  79. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Catherine_L._Reed
  80. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Roger_Reep
  81. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Claudia_Roth-Alpermann
  82. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Diana_Sarko
  83. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Krish_Sathian
  84. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Cornelius_Schwarz
  85. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Phil_Servos
  86. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Namrata_Shinde
  87. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Daniel_Shulz
  88. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Jochen_Staiger
  89. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Haike_van_Stralen
  90. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Jean_Louis_Thonnard
  91. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Francois_Tremblay
  92. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Michael_Turvey
  93. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Nadia_Urbain
  94. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Jamie_Ward
  95. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Martin_Wells
  96. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Lon_Wilkens
  97. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Stuart_Wilson
  98. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Alan_Wing
  99. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Shinya_Yamamoto
 100. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Phil_Zeigler
 101. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Yael_Zilbershtain-_Kra
 102. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Swetamber_Das
 103. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_temporal_order
 104. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Imaging_human_touch
 105. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_control_by_motor_cortex
 106. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Javier_Elkin
 107. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Touch_in_aging
 108. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Serguei_A._Mokhov
 109. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Models_of_tactile_perception_and_development
 110. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Systems_Neuroscience_of_Touch
 111. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Shruti_Muralidhar
 112. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/S1_microcircuits
 113. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_object_perception
 114. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Abdellatif_Nemri
 115. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dynamic_touch
 116. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:B._Lungsi_Sharma
 117. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/A_spider%27s_tactile_hairs
 118. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Juzar_Thingna
 119. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_Substitution_for_Vision
 120. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_pattern_generation
 121. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Nick_Orbeck
 122. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/The_world_of_touch
 123. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Cockroach_antennae
 124. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Stick_Insect_antennae
 125. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/A_spider%27s_tactile_hairs
 126. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_sensing_in_the_octopus
 127. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_sensing_in_the_naked_mole_rat
 128. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_behavior_and_function
 129. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_touch_in_the_Etruscan_shrew
 130. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_touch_in_pinnipeds
 131. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_hair_in_manatees
 132. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Active_tactile_perception
 133. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_object_perception
 134. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Haptic_exploration
 135. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Haptic_saliency
 136. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Shape_from_touch
 137. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Texture_from_touch
 138. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Haptic_perception_of_force
 139. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Dynamic_(effortful)_touch
 140. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Observed_touch
 141. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Painful_touch
 142. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Thermal_touch
 143. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_control_of_balance
 144. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_temporal_order
 145. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_suppression
 146. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Crossmodal_and_multisensory_interactions_between_vision_and_touch
 147. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Aftereffects_in_touch
 148. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_illusions
 149. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Development_of_touch
 150. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Touch_in_aging
 151. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Central_touch_disorders
 152. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Phantom_touch
 153. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Visually-impaired_touch
 154. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Systems_neuroscience_of_touch
 155. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Mechanoreceptors_and_stochastic_resonance
 156. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Mammalian_mechanoreception
 157. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Proprioceptors_and_models_of_transduction
 158. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Autonomic_nervous_system
 159. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Imaging_human_touch
 160. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Primate_S1_cortex
 161. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/S1_laminar_specialization
 162. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/S1_long-term_plasticity
 163. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/S1_microcircuits
 164. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/S1_somatotopic_maps
 165. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Balance_of_excitation_and_inhibition
 166. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissa_mechanical_properties
 167. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_kinematics
 168. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_musculature
 169. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_pattern_generation
 170. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_afferents_from_trigeminus_to_cortices
 171. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_basal_ganglia_circuits
 172. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_mechanoreceptors
 173. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_midbrain_loops
 174. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_thalamic_modes
 175. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_location_coding
 176. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_texture_decoding
 177. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whisking_control_by_motor_cortex
 178. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_attention_in_the_vibrissal_system
 179. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_sensors
 180. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Models_of_tactile_perception_and_development
 181. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Whiskered_robots
 182. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Haptic_displays
 183. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Tactile_substitution_for_vision
 184. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Virtual_touch
 185. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&oldid=187179
 186. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:Categories
 187. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Category:Touch
 188. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Category:Neuroscience
 189. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Category:Cognitive_Neuroscience
 190. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Category:Computational_Neuroscience
 191. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Encyclopedia%3ATouch
 192. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch
 193. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_talk:Touch&action=edit&redlink=1
 194. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch
 195. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&action=edit
 196. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&action=history
 197. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Main_Page
 198. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:About
 199. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:ProposeArticle
 200. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Instructions_for_Authors
 201. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:Random
 202. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Help:Frequently_Asked_Questions
 203. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Help
 204. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Astrophysics
 205. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Celestial_Mechanics
 206. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Computational_neuroscience
 207. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Computational_intelligence
 208. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Dynamical_systems
 209. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Physics
 210. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch
 211. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Topics
 212. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:RecentlyPublished
 213. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:RecentlySponsored
 214. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:RecentChanges
 215. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:AllPages
 216. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:ListCurators
 217. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:ListUsers
 218. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:Journal
 219. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:WhatLinksHere/Encyclopedia:Touch
 220. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Encyclopedia:Touch
 221. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:SpecialPages
 222. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&printable=yes
 223. http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia:Touch&oldid=187179
 224. https://twitter.com/scholarpedia
 225. https://plus.google.com/112873162496270574424
 226. http://www.facebook.com/Scholarpedia
 227. http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Scholarpedia-4647975/about
 228. http://www.mediawiki.org/
 229. http://www.mathjax.org/
 230. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.en_US
 231. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Privacy_policy
 232. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:About
 233. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:General_disclaimer

   Hidden links:
 235. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch
 236. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia:Touch
 237. http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Main_Page