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Defector intolerance promotes cooperation

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   One of the outstanding questions for biologists and social scientists has been
   the evolution of cooperation. Cooperation is observed both among humans as well
   as among animals. The question is "How cooperation can evolve"? This was an
   intriguing question since Darwin's Origin of species was published. The problem
   is that the basic tenet of evolution by natural selection is "the survival of the
   fittest". This prevents individuals from cooperating since this decreases
   individual fitness due to the cost cooperation requires. For example, wearing a
   face mask during a pandemic is an act of cooperation. It causes some discomfort
   to individuals but benefits the whole society. Mathematical models have played a
   crucial role in our understanding of mechanisms leading to evolution of
   cooperation. Cooperation between two individuals is described by the Prisoner's
   dilemma. Cooperation in larger groups is described by the Public goods game. To
   explain evolution of cooperation among members of groups emphasizes group
   cohesion and cultural norms to explain the "prosocial" outcomes of public goods
   games. However, the Public goods game shows that defection (i.e., selfish
   behavior) is still an evolutionary outcome in that all individuals will
   eventually defect. A new mechanism that promotes cooperation both in the
   Prisoner's dilemma and the Public goods game was shown by Krivan and Cressman
   (2020). This mechanism is based on the assumption that individuals are free to
   leave their group and form a new group. Experimental work on such opting out
   behavior shows that, not surprisingly, individuals are more APT to leave groups
   as the number of defectors in the group increases. Indeed, Krivan and Cressman
   (2020) show that such behavior promotes evolution of cooperation, provided the
   time individuals can stay in a group increases. One may assume that cooperation
   will be promoted if individuals opt out against defectors in the hope of forming
   a new group with all (or more) cooperators. Surprisingly, Cressman and Krivan
   (2020) show clearly that when individuals are free to leave their current group,
   the best opting out rule at promoting cooperation is one whereby the only groups
   that voluntarily stay together between rounds are those that are homogeneous
   (i.e., those groups that are either all cooperators or all defectors), when these
   groups stay together for enough rounds of the game (i.e., long enough). This
   outcome emerges when defectors are completely intolerant of individuals who
   cooperate (e.g., defectors exhibit xenophobic behavior toward cooperators) and so
   opt out whenever their group has a cooperator in it. The strong preference by
   defectors to be with like-minded individuals then causes all heterogeneous groups
   to disband after one round.

   Krivan, V., Cressman, R. (2020) Defectors' intolerance of others promotes
   cooperation in the repeated public goods game with opting out. Scientific
   reports, to be pblished on November 11, 2020.

   This entry was posted in [22]Clánek mesíce on [23]9/11/2020 by [24]admin.

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   Centrum matematické biologie
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