Ergebnis für URL: http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POSBOOK.html [1]Principia Cybernetica Web
"The Phenomenon of Science", a book on MSTT
As part of our [2]electronic library, Principia Cybernetica Web offers the
complete text and drawings of the book "The Phenomenon of Science. A cybernetic
approach to human evolution" by [3]Valentin Turchin.
____________________________________________________________________________
The book was originally published in 1977 by Columbia University Press (New
York), but is now out of print. Therefore, we have made it again available on the
web, either[4] chapter by chapter in HTML, or as a [5]single file in PDF format
(1.3 Mb) for printing (You can use it with the [externallink.GIF] [6]free PDF
reader from Adobe.) If you prefer to read the book version, you might still be
able to [externallink.GIF] [7]order a copy from the Amazon web bookshop.
This is the first book to introduce the ideas of [8]Metasystem Transitions
Theory. It is directed at a broad, non-specialised public, and requires not more
than high school mathematics. It discusses the evolution of humanity, starting
from the first living cells up to human culture and science. It shows how the
great advances in intelligence and cognition, from simple reflexes, to learning,
thought, mathematical reasoning and the most advanced realms of metascientic
analysis, can be understood as[9] metasystem transitions, in which a higher level
of control emerges. Its originality lies in the integration of a cybernetic
analysis of knowledge with the trial and error process of natural selection,
which creates ever higher levels in the hierarchical organization of mind.
Prof. [10]Valentin Turchin, a cyberneticist, computer scientist and physicist,
started his research career in the Soviet Union, but is presently an emeritus
professor at the City College of the City University of New York (see his
[11]biography). He is a founding [12]editor of the Principia Cybernetica Project.
The "Phenomenon of Science" first took shape during the 1960's in Russia. The
original manuscript was positively evaluated by Soviet reviewers, but was finally
rejected for publication because of the dissident political activities of its
author. Happily, the Russian manuscript got to the West where it was translated
and published by Columbia University Press, at about the same time that its
author was forced to emigrate to the USA.
Although the original text is almost 30 years old, this visionary document is
still highly relevant to our present situation and state of knowledge. It is
particularly recommended to people who wish to understand the basic ideas behind
the [13]Principia Cybernetica Project. As such it is complementary to another
book published on Principia Cybernetica Web, Joël de Rosnay's "[14]The
Macroscope". Whereas "The Macroscope" applies the concepts of systems theory and
cybernetics synchronically, to get a large scale picture of the world in which we
live, "The Phenomenon of Science" uses these concepts diachronically, to
understand its historical development.
____________________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents (links go to the HTML version)
* [15]Foreword, by Loren Graham
* [16]Preface
[17]Chapter One. the Initial Stages of Evolution
* [18]The Basic Law of Evolution
* [19]The Chemical Era
* [20]Cybernetics
* [21]Discrete and Continuous Systems
* [22]The Reliability of Discrete Systems
* [23]Information
* [24]The Neuron
* [25]The Nerve Net
* [26]The Simple Reflex (Irritability)
* [27]The Complex Reflex
[28]Chapter Two. Hierarchical Structures
* [29]The Concept of the Concept
* [30]Discriminators and Classifiers
* [31]Hierarchies of Concepts
* [32]How the Hierarchy Emerges
* [33]Some Comments on Real Hierarchies
* [34]The World through the Eyes of a Frog
* [35]Fragments of a System of Concepts
* [36]The Goal and Regulation
* [37]How Regulation Emerges
* [38]Representations
* [39]Memory
* [40]The Hierarchy of Goals and Plans
* [41]Structural and Functional Diagrams
* [42]The Transition to Phenomenological Descriptions
* [43]Definition of the Complex Reflex
[44]Chapter Three. On the Path Toward the Human Being
* [45]The Metasystem Transition
* [46]Control of the Reflex
* [47]The Reflex as a Functional Concept
* [48]Why Associations of Representations are Needed
* [49]Evocation by Complement
* [50]Spots and Lines
* [51]The Conditioned Reflex and Learning
* [52]Modeling
* [53]Cognition of the World
[54]Chapter Four. the Human Being
* [55]Control of Associating
* [56]Play
* [57]Making Tools
* [58]Imagination, Planning, Overcoming Instinct
* [59]The Internal Teacher
* [60]The Funny and the Beautiful
* [61]Language
* [62]Creation of Language
* [63]Language As a Means of Modeling
* [64]Self-Knowledge
* [65]A Continuation of the Brain
* [66]Social Integration
* [67]The Super-Being
[68]Chapter Five. From Step to Step
* [69]Material and Spiritual Culture
* [70]The Stairway Effect
* [71]The Scale of the Metasystem Transition
* [72]Tools for Producing Tools
* [73]The Lower Paleolithic
* [74]The Upper Paleolithic
* [75]The Neolithic Revolution
* [76]The Age of Metal
* [77]The Industrial Revolutions
* [78]The Quantum of Development
* [79]The Evolution of Thought
[80]Chapter Six. Logical Analysis of Language
* [81]About Concepts Again
* [82]Attributes and Relations
* [83]Aristotelian Logic
* [84]Hegel's Dialectic
* [85]Mathematical Logic
* [86]Objects and Statements
* [87]Logical Connectives
* [88]Predicates
* [89]Quantifiers
* [90]The Connective "Such That"
* [91]The Physical Object and the Logical Object
* [92]Functions
* [93]Syntax and Semantics
* [94]Logical Analysis of Language
[95]Chapter Seven. Language and Thinking
* [96]What Do We Know About Thinking?
* [97]Linguistic Activity
* [98]The Brain as a "Black Box"
* [99]Affirmation and Negation
* [100]The Phenomenological Definition of Semantics
* [101]The Logical Concept
* [102]The Structural Approach
* [103]Two Systems
* [104]Concept "Pilings"
* [105]The Sapir-Whorf Conception
* [106]Substance
* [107]The Objectivization of Time
* [108]Linguistic Relativity
* [109]The Metasystem Transition in Language
* [110]The Concept-Construct
* [111]The Thinking of Humans and Animals
[112]Chapter Eight. Primitive Thinking
* [113]The System Aspect of Culture
* [114]The Savage State and Civilization
* [115]The Metasystem Transition in Linguistic Activity
* [116]The Magic of Words
* [117]Spirits and the Like
* [118]The Trash Heap of Representations
* [119]Belief and Knowledge
* [120]The Conservatism of Precritical Thinking
* [121]The Emergence of Civilization
[122]Chapter Nine. Mathematics Before the Greeks
* [123]Nature's Mistake
* [124]Counting and Measurement
* [125]Number Notation
* [126]The Place-Value System
* [127]Applied Arithmetic
* [128]The Ancients' Knowledge of Geometry
* [129]A Bird's Eye View of Arithmetic
* [130]Reverse Movement in a Model
* [131]Solving Equations
* [132]The Formula
[133]Chapter Ten. From Thales to Euclid
* [134]Proof
* [135]The Classical Period
* [136]Plato's Philosophy
* [137]What is Mathematics?
* [138]Precision in Comparing Quantities
* [139]The Reliability of Mathematical Assertions
* [140]in Search of Axioms
* [141]Concerning the Axioms of Arithmetic and Logic
* [142]Platonism in Retrospect
[143]Chapter Eleven. From Euclid To Descartes
* [144]Number and Quantity
* [145]Geometric Algebra
* [146]Archimedes and Apollonius
* [147]The Decline of Greek Mathematics
* [148]Arithmetic Algebra
* [149]Italy, Sixteenth Century
* [150]Letter Symbolism
* [151]What Did Descartes Do?
* [152]The Relation As An Object
* [153]Descartes and Fermat
* [154]The Path to Discovery
[155]Chapter Twelve. From Descartes to Bourbaki
* [156]Formalized Language
* [157]The Language Machine
* [158]Four Types of Linguistic Activity
* [159]Science and Philosophy
* [160]Formalization and the Metasystem Transition
* [161]The Leitmotif of the New Mathematics
* [162]"Nonexistent" Objects
* [163]The Hierarchy of theories
* [164]The Axiomatic Method
* [165]Metamathematics
* [166]The Formalization of Set theory
* [167]Bourbaki's Treatise
[168]Chapter Thirteen. Science and Metascience
* [169]Experimental Physics
* [170]The Scientific Method
* [171]The Role of General Principles
* [172]Criteria for the Selection of theories
* [173]The Physics of the Microworld
* [174]The Uncertainty Relation
* [175]Graphic and Symbolic Models
* [176]The Collapse of Determinism
* [177]"Crazy" theories and Metascience
[178]Chapter Fourteen. the Phenomenon of Science
* [179]The Highest Level of the Hierarchy
* [180]Science and Production
* [181]The Growth of Science
* [182]The Formalization of Scientific Language
* [183]The Human Being and the Machine
* [184]Scientific Control of Society
* [185]Science and Morality
* [186]The Problem of the Supreme Good
* [187]Spiritual Values
* [188]The Human Being in the Universe
* [189]The Divergence of Trajectories
* [190]Ethics and Evolution
* [191]The Will to Immortality
* [192]Integration and Freedom
* [193]Questions, Questions . . .
____________________________________________________________________________
[194]CopyrightŠ 2000 Principia Cybernetica - [195]Referencing this page
Author
F. [196]Heylighen,
Date
Feb 21, 2000 (modified)
Nov 6, 1997 (created)
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[202]Discussion
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* [203]Few errors in the book (Russian edition), Correction by Alex Kouznetsov
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174. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap13.html#Heading7
175. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap13.html#Heading8
176. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap13.html#Heading9
177. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap13.html#Heading10
178. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading1
179. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading3
180. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading4
181. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading5
182. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading6
183. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading7
184. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading8
185. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading9
186. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading10
187. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading11
188. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading12
189. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading13
190. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading14
191. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading15
192. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading16
193. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap14.html#Heading17
194. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/COPYR.html
195. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REFERPCP.html
196. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/HEYL.html
197. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html
198. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/REFERMAT.html
199. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/LIBRARY.html
200. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/FOUNDMAT.html
201. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ORG.html
202. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/MAKANNOT.html
203. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/Annotations/POSBOOK.0.html
204. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/hypercard.acgi$annotform?
[USEMAP]
http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POSBOOK.html#PCP-header
1. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html
2. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/HOWWEB.html
3. http://pcp.lanl.gov/POSBOOK.html
4. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POSBOOK.html
5. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SERVER.html
6. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/hypercard.acgi$randomlink?searchstring=.html
7. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/RECENT.html
8. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/TOC.html#POSBOOK
9. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SEARCH.html
Usage: http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/URL
e.g. http://www.kk-software.de/kklynxview/get/http://www.kk-software.de
Errormessages are in German, sorry ;-)