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   . 2002 Mar;159(3):231-44.
   doi: 10.1086/338510.

Population dynamics and mutualism: functional responses of benefits and costs

   [37]J Nathaniel Holland^ [38] 1 , [39]Donald L Deangelis, [40]Judith L Bronstein
   Affiliations (BUTTON) Expand

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     * ^1 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124,
       USA.

     * PMID: 18707376
     * DOI: [41]10.1086/338510

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Population dynamics and mutualism: functional responses of benefits and costs

   J Nathaniel Holland et al. Am Nat. 2002 Mar.
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   . 2002 Mar;159(3):231-44.
   doi: 10.1086/338510.

Authors

   [45]J Nathaniel Holland^ [46] 1 , [47]Donald L Deangelis, [48]Judith L Bronstein

Affiliation

     * ^1 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124,
       USA.

     * PMID: 18707376
     * DOI: [49]10.1086/338510

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Abstract

   We develop an approach for studying population dynamics resulting from mutualism
   by employing functional responses based on density-dependent benefits and costs.
   These functional responses express how the population growth rate of a mutualist
   is modified by the density of its partner. We present several possible
   dependencies of gross benefits and costs, and hence net effects, to a mutualist
   as functions of the density of its partner. Net effects to mutualists are likely
   a monotonically saturating or unimodal function of the density of their partner.
   We show that fundamental differences in the growth, limitation, and dynamics of a
   population can occur when net effects to that population change linearly,
   unimodally, or in a saturating fashion. We use the mutualism between senita
   cactus and its pollinating seed-eating moth as an example to show the influence
   of different benefit and cost functional responses on population dynamics and
   stability of mutualisms. We investigated two mechanisms that may alter this
   mutualism's functional responses: distribution of eggs among flowers and fruit
   abortion. Differences in how benefits and costs vary with density can alter the
   stability of this mutualism. In particular, fruit abortion may allow for a stable
   equilibrium where none could otherwise exist.

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