#[1]PubMed search

   This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Please enable it to take advantage
   of the complete set of features!

   Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily
   unavailable.
   (BUTTON)

   [2]Skip to main page content

   U.S. flag

   An official website of the United States government
   (BUTTON) Here's how you know
   Dot gov

   The .gov means it's official.
   Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive
   information, make sure you're on a federal government site.
   Https

   The site is secure.
   The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any
   information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

   [3]NIH NLM Logo
   [4]Log in (BUTTON) Show account info
   (BUTTON) Close

Account

   Logged in as:
   username
     * [5]Dashboard
     * [6]Publications
     * [7]Account settings
     * [8]Log out

   [9]Access keys [10]NCBI Homepage [11]MyNCBI Homepage [12]Main Content [13]Main
   Navigation

   [14]pubmed logo
   Search: ____________________ (BUTTON) Search
   [15]Advanced [16]Clipboard
   [17]User Guide

   (BUTTON) Save (BUTTON) Email
   (BUTTON) Send to
     * [18]Clipboard
     * [19]My Bibliography
     * [20]Collections
     * [21]Citation manager

   (BUTTON) Display options
   Display options
   Format [Abstract]

Save citation to file

   Format: [Summary (text)_]
   (BUTTON) Create file (BUTTON) Cancel

Email citation

   Subject: 1 selected item: 19930396 - PubMed
   To: ____________________
   From: ____________________
   Format: [Summary________]
   [ ] MeSH and other data
   (BUTTON) Send email (BUTTON) Cancel

Add to Collections

     * ( ) Create a new collection
     * (*) Add to an existing collection

   Name your collection: ____________________
   Name must be less than 100 characters
   Choose a collection:
   Unable to load your collection due to an error
   [22]Please try again
   (BUTTON) Add (BUTTON) Cancel

Add to My Bibliography

     * (*) My Bibliography

   Unable to load your delegates due to an error
   [23]Please try again
   (BUTTON) Add (BUTTON) Cancel

Your saved search

   Name of saved search: ____________________
   Search terms:
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   [24]Test search terms
   Would you like email updates of new search results?

   Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons

     * (*) Yes
     * ( ) No

   Email: ([25]change)
   Frequency: [Monthly]
   Which day? [The first Sunday___]
   Which day? [Sunday___]
   Report format: [Summary________]
   Send at most: [5 items__]
   [ ] Send even when there aren't any new results
   Optional text in email:
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   ____________________________________________________________
   (BUTTON) Save (BUTTON) Cancel

Create a file for external citation management software

   (BUTTON) Create file (BUTTON) Cancel

Your RSS Feed

   Name of RSS Feed: ____________________
   Number of items displayed: [15_]
   (BUTTON) Create RSS (BUTTON) Cancel
   RSS Link ____________________ (BUTTON) Copy

Full text links

   [26]full text provider logo Wiley
   [27]Full text links

Actions

   (BUTTON) Cite
   (BUTTON) Collections
   Add to Collections
     * ( ) Create a new collection
     * (*) Add to an existing collection

   Name your collection: ____________________
   Name must be less than 100 characters
   Choose a collection:
   Unable to load your collection due to an error
   [28]Please try again
   (BUTTON) Add (BUTTON) Cancel
   (BUTTON)
   (BUTTON) Display options
   Display options
   Format [Abstract]

Share

     *
     *
     * (BUTTON)
       Permalink
       https://pubmed.ncbi. (BUTTON) Copy

Page navigation

     * [29]Title & authors
     * [30]Abstract
     * [31]Similar articles
     * [32]Cited by
     * [33]Publication types
     * [34]MeSH terms
     * [35]LinkOut - more resources

   [Title & authors_________]

   (BUTTON) Ecol Lett
   Actions
     * [36]Search in PubMed
     * [37]Search in NLM Catalog
     * [38]Add to Search

   . 2010 Jan;13(1):1-10.
   doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x. Epub 2009 Nov 23.

Phenology, ontogeny and the effects of climate change on the timing of species
interactions

   [39]Louie H Yang^ [40] 1 , [41]V H W Rudolf
   Affiliations (BUTTON) Expand

Affiliation

     * ^1 Department of Entomology, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.

     * PMID: 19930396
     * DOI: [42]10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x

   Item in Clipboard

Phenology, ontogeny and the effects of climate change on the timing of species
interactions

   Louie H Yang et al. Ecol Lett. 2010 Jan.
   (BUTTON) Show details
   (BUTTON) Display options
   Display options
   Format [Abstract]
   (BUTTON) Ecol Lett
   Actions
     * [43]Search in PubMed
     * [44]Search in NLM Catalog
     * [45]Add to Search

   . 2010 Jan;13(1):1-10.
   doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x. Epub 2009 Nov 23.

Authors

   [46]Louie H Yang^ [47] 1 , [48]V H W Rudolf

Affiliation

     * ^1 Department of Entomology, UC Davis, CA 95616, USA.

     * PMID: 19930396
     * DOI: [49]10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x

   Item in Clipboard

   (BUTTON) Full text links (BUTTON) Cite (BUTTON)
   (BUTTON) Display options
   Display options
   Format [Abstract]

Abstract

   Climate change is altering the phenology of many species and the timing of their
   interactions with other species, but the impacts of these phenological shifts on
   species interactions remain unclear. Classical approaches to the study of
   phenology have typically documented changes in the timing of single life-history
   events, while phenological shifts affect many interactions over entire life
   histories. In this study, we suggest an approach that integrates the phenology
   and ontogeny of species interactions with a fitness landscape to provide a common
   mechanistic framework for investigating phenological shifts. We suggest that this
   ontogeny-phenology landscape provides a flexible method to document changes in
   the relative phenologies of interacting species, examine the causes of these
   phenological shifts, and estimate their consequences for interacting species.

   [50]PubMed Disclaimer

Similar articles

     * [51]An index to measure the effects of temperature change on trophic
       interactions.
       Logan JD, Wolesensky W. Logan JD, et al. J Theor Biol. 2007 May
       21;246(2):366-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.11.014. Epub 2006 Dec 15. J Theor
       Biol. 2007. PMID: 17276462
     * [52]Climate drives phenological reassembly of a mountain wildflower meadow
       community.
       Theobald EJ, Breckheimer I, HilleRisLambers J. Theobald EJ, et al. Ecology.
       2017 Nov;98(11):2799-2812. doi: 10.1002/ecy.1996. Epub 2017 Oct 11. Ecology.
       2017. PMID: 29023677
     * [53]Maintenance of temporal synchrony between syrphid flies and floral
       resources despite differential phenological responses to climate.
       Iler AM, Inouye DW, Høye TT, Miller-Rushing AJ, Burkle LA, Johnston EB. Iler
       AM, et al. Glob Chang Biol. 2013 Aug;19(8):2348-59. doi: 10.1111/gcb.12246.
       Epub 2013 May 29. Glob Chang Biol. 2013. PMID: 23640772
     * [54]The role of seasonal timing and phenological shifts for species
       coexistence.
       Rudolf VHW. Rudolf VHW. Ecol Lett. 2019 Aug;22(8):1324-1338. doi:
       10.1111/ele.13277. Epub 2019 May 24. Ecol Lett. 2019. PMID: 31125170 Review.
     * [55]Sex-Differences in Phenology: A Tinbergian Perspective.
       Williams CT, Chmura HE, Deal CK, Wilsterman K. Williams CT, et al. Integr
       Comp Biol. 2022 Oct 29;62(4):980-997. doi: 10.1093/icb/icac035. Integr Comp
       Biol. 2022. PMID: 35587379 Review.

   See all similar articles

Cited by

     * [56]Variations in the Odonata Assemblages: How Do the Dry Season and Water
       Bodies Influence Them?
       Medina-Espinoza EF, Juen L, Calvão LB, Arellano Cruz G. Medina-Espinoza EF,
       et al. Neotrop Entomol. 2024 Jun;53(3):630-640. doi:
       10.1007/s13744-024-01153-6. Epub 2024 Apr 24. Neotrop Entomol. 2024. PMID:
       38656590
     * [57]Ontogenetic changes in ecophysiology are an understudied yet important
       component of plant adaptation.
       Lawrence-Paul EH, Lasky JR. Lawrence-Paul EH, et al. Am J Bot. 2024
       Mar;111(3):e16294. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.16294. Epub 2024 Feb 21. Am J Bot. 2024.
       PMID: 38384001
     * [58]Spatial variability in herbaceous plant phenology is mostly explained by
       variability in temperature but also by photoperiod and functional traits.
       Rauschkolb R, Bucher SF, Hensen I, Ahrends A, Fernández-Pascual E, Heubach K,
       Jakubka D, Jiménez-Alfaro B, König A, Koubek T, Kehl A, Khuroo AA,
       Lindstädter A, Shafee F, Masková T, Platonova E, Panico P, Plos C, Primack R,
       Rosche C, Shah MA, Sporbert M, Stevens AD, Tarquini F, Tielbörger K, Träger
       S, Vange V, Weigelt P, Bonn A, Freiberg M, Knickmann B, Nordt B, Wirth C,
       Römermann C. Rauschkolb R, et al. Int J Biometeorol. 2024 Apr;68(4):761-775.
       doi: 10.1007/s00484-024-02621-9. Epub 2024 Jan 29. Int J Biometeorol. 2024.
       PMID: 38285109 Free PMC article.
     * [59]Stage-mediated priority effects and season lengths shape long-term
       competition dynamics.
       Zou HX, Schreiber SJ, Rudolf VHW. Zou HX, et al. Proc Biol Sci. 2023 Sep
       27;290(2007):20231217. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1217. Epub 2023 Sep 27. Proc
       Biol Sci. 2023. PMID: 37752843
     * [60]Forecasting the flooding dynamics of flatwoods salamander breeding
       wetlands under future climate change scenarios.
       Chandler HC, Caruso NM, McLaughlin DL, Jiao Y, Brooks GC, Haas CA. Chandler
       HC, et al. PeerJ. 2023 Sep 19;11:e16050. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16050.
       eCollection 2023. PeerJ. 2023. PMID: 37744236 Free PMC article.

   See all "Cited by" articles

Publication types

     * (BUTTON) Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
       Actions
          + [61]Search in PubMed
          + [62]Search in MeSH
          + [63]Add to Search

MeSH terms

     * (BUTTON) Animals
       Actions
          + [64]Search in PubMed
          + [65]Search in MeSH
          + [66]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Climate Change*
       Actions
          + [67]Search in PubMed
          + [68]Search in MeSH
          + [69]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Models, Biological
       Actions
          + [70]Search in PubMed
          + [71]Search in MeSH
          + [72]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Models, Statistical
       Actions
          + [73]Search in PubMed
          + [74]Search in MeSH
          + [75]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Phenotype*
       Actions
          + [76]Search in PubMed
          + [77]Search in MeSH
          + [78]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Population Dynamics
       Actions
          + [79]Search in PubMed
          + [80]Search in MeSH
          + [81]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Species Specificity
       Actions
          + [82]Search in PubMed
          + [83]Search in MeSH
          + [84]Add to Search
     * (BUTTON) Time Factors
       Actions
          + [85]Search in PubMed
          + [86]Search in MeSH
          + [87]Add to Search

LinkOut - more resources

     * Full Text Sources
          + [88]Wiley
     * Other Literature Sources
          + [89]H1 Connect
     * Medical
          + [90]MedlinePlus Health Information

   Full text links (BUTTON) [x]
   [91]full text provider logo Wiley

   (BUTTON) [x]
   Cite
   (BUTTON) Copy (BUTTON) Download .nbib .nbib
   Format: [NLM]

   Send To
     * [92]Clipboard
     * [93]Email
     * [94]Save
     * [95]My Bibliography
     * [96]Collections
     * [97]Citation Manager

   (BUTTON) [x]

   NCBI Literature Resources

   [98]MeSH [99]PMC [100]Bookshelf [101]Disclaimer

   The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S.
   Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is
   strictly prohibited.

   Follow NCBI

   [102]Connect with NLM
     *
     *
     *

   National Library of Medicine
   [103]8600 Rockville Pike
   Bethesda, MD 20894

   [104]Web Policies
   [105]FOIA
   [106]HHS Vulnerability Disclosure

   [107]Help
   [108]Accessibility
   [109]Careers

     * [110]NLM
     * [111]NIH
     * [112]HHS
     * [113]USA.gov

References

   Visible links:
   1. https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml
   2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#article-details
   3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
   4. https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
   5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/
   6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/bibliography/
   7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/
   8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/signout/
   9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/browsers/#ncbi_accesskeys
  10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  11. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/
  12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#maincontent
  13. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
  15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/advanced/
  16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clipboard/
  17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/help/
  18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  19. https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19930396%2F%3Fdopt%3DAbstract%23open-bibliography-panel
  20. https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19930396%2F%3Fdopt%3DAbstract%23open-collections-panel
  21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  24. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  25. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/
  26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x
  27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  29. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#heading
  30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#abstract
  31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#similar
  32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#citedby
  33. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#publication-types
  34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#mesh-terms
  35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#linkout
  36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ecol+Lett%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Ecol+Lett%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D
  38. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+LH&cauthor_id=19930396
  40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#full-view-affiliation-1
  41. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rudolf+VH&cauthor_id=19930396
  42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x
  43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Ecol+Lett%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog?term=%22Ecol+Lett%22%5BTitle+Abbreviation%5D
  45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  46. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Yang+LH&cauthor_id=19930396
  47. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract#short-view-affiliation-1
  48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rudolf+VH&cauthor_id=19930396
  49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x
  50. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/
  51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276462/
  52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29023677/
  53. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23640772/
  54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31125170/
  55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35587379/
  56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38656590/
  57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38384001/
  58. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38285109/
  59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37752843/
  60. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37744236/
  61. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Research+Support%2C+U.S.+Gov%27t%2C+Non-P.H.S.%22%5Bpt%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  62. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Research+Support%2C+U.S.+Gov%27t%2C+Non-P.H.S.
  63. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  64. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  65. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals
  66. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Climate+Change%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  68. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Climate+Change
  69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  70. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Models%2C+Biological%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  71. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Models%2C+Biological
  72. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Models%2C+Statistical%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  74. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Models%2C+Statistical
  75. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Phenotype%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Phenotype
  78. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Population+Dynamics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Population+Dynamics
  81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Species+Specificity%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  83. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Species+Specificity
  84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  85. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Time+Factors%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc
  86. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Time+Factors
  87. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x
  89. https://facultyopinions.com/pubmed/19930396
  90. https://medlineplus.gov/climatechange.html
  91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01402.x
  92. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  94. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  95. https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19930396%2F%3Fdopt%3DAbstract%23open-bibliography-panel
  96. https://account.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?back_url=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19930396%2F%3Fdopt%3DAbstract%23open-collections-panel
  97. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
  98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/
  99. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
 100. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
 101. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disclaimer/
 102. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html
 103. https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323
 104. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html
 105. https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office
 106. https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html
 107. https://support.nlm.nih.gov/
 108. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html
 109. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html
 110. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
 111. https://www.nih.gov/
 112. https://www.hhs.gov/
 113. https://www.usa.gov/

   Hidden links:
 115. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
 116. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/?dopt=Abstract
 117. http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Phenology%2C%20ontogeny%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20the%20timing%20of%20species%20interactions%20https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/
 118. http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19930396/
 119. https://twitter.com/ncbi
 120. https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm
 121. https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm
 122. https://github.com/ncbi
 123. https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
 124. https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH
 125. https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine
 126. https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH