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. 1991 Dec;40(3):308-21.
doi: 10.1016/0040-5809(91)90058-n.
Models on butterfly protandry: virgin females are at risk to die
[36]C Zonneveld^ [37] 1 , [38]J A Metz
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* ^1 Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
* PMID: 1808754
* DOI: [39]10.1016/0040-5809(91)90058-n
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Models on butterfly protandry: virgin females are at risk to die
C Zonneveld et al. Theor Popul Biol. 1991 Dec.
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. 1991 Dec;40(3):308-21.
doi: 10.1016/0040-5809(91)90058-n.
Authors
[43]C Zonneveld^ [44] 1 , [45]J A Metz
Affiliation
* ^1 Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
* PMID: 1808754
* DOI: [46]10.1016/0040-5809(91)90058-n
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Current models on protandry in butterflies assume that females are mated
instantaneously upon eclosion. However, for most butterfly species this
assumption is not realistic. In this paper a model is formulated in which the
mating rate depends on both male and female density. Given the female presence
curve, protandry is an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for males. The
evolutionarily stable amount of protandry decreases with increasing death rate
and decreasing encounter rate. Given the male presence curve, protandry also is
an ESS for females. However, male and female ESS are not identical; moreover, in
the present model a simultaneous ESS does not exist. Protandry critically depends
on the assumption that females mate only once, whereas males are capable of
multiple mating. If females too are capable of multiple mating, absence of
protandry is the ESS for males as well as females. The model predicts that
protandry depends on population density: protandry should be more pronounced in
populations with high density than in populations with low density. Protandry
also depends on sex ratio. It becomes more pronounced when the proportion of
males among emerging adults increases.
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