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   . 2010 Feb 9;20(3):237-42.
   doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.071. Epub 2010 Jan 21.

Changing pollinators as a means of escaping herbivores

   [40]Danny Kessler^ [41] 1 , [42]Celia Diezel, [43]Ian T Baldwin
   Affiliations (BUTTON) Expand

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     * ^1 Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745
       Jena, Germany.

     * PMID: 20096581
     * DOI: [44]10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.071

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Changing pollinators as a means of escaping herbivores

   Danny Kessler et al. Curr Biol. 2010.
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   . 2010 Feb 9;20(3):237-42.
   doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.071. Epub 2010 Jan 21.

Authors

   [48]Danny Kessler^ [49] 1 , [50]Celia Diezel, [51]Ian T Baldwin

Affiliation

     * ^1 Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745
       Jena, Germany.

     * PMID: 20096581
     * DOI: [52]10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.071

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Abstract

   All animal-pollinated plants must solve the problem of attracting pollinators
   while remaining inconspicuous to herbivores, a dilemma exacerbated when voracious
   larval-stage herbivores mature into important pollinators for a plant [1].
   Herbivory is known to alter pollination rates, by altering flower number [2],
   size [3, 4], nectar production [5], seasonal timing of flowering [6], or
   pollinator behavior [7]. Nicotiana attenuata, a night-flowering tobacco that
   germinates after fires in the Southwestern United States, normally produces
   flowers that open at night and release benzyl acetone (BA) to attract
   night-active hawkmoth pollinators (Manduca quinquemaculata and M. sexta), which
   are both herbivores and pollinators. When plants are attacked by hawkmoth larvae,
   the plants produce flowers with reduced BA emissions that open in the morning and
   are preferentially pollinated by day-active hummingbirds. This dramatic change in
   flower phenology, which is elicited by oral secretions (OSs) from feeding
   hawkmoth larvae and requires jasmonate (JA) signal transduction, causes the
   majority of outcrossed seeds to be produced by pollinations from day-active
   hummingbirds rather than night-active hawkmoths. Because oviposition and
   nectaring are frequently coupled behaviors in hawkmoths, we propose that this
   OS-elicited, JA-mediated change in flower phenology complements similarly
   elicited responses to herbivore attack (direct defenses, indirect defenses, and
   tolerance responses) that reduce the risk and fitness consequences of herbivory
   to plants.

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