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   Review
   (BUTTON) Int J Biometeorol
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   . 2011 Nov;55(6):805-17.
   doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0426-5. Epub 2011 Apr 21.

A review of climate-driven mismatches between interdependent phenophases in terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems

   [40]Alison Donnelly^ [41] 1 , [42]Amelia Caffarra, [43]Bridget F O'Neill
   Affiliations (BUTTON) Expand

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     * ^1 Centre for Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College
       Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Alison.Donnelly@tcd.ie

     * PMID: 21509461
     * DOI: [44]10.1007/s00484-011-0426-5

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   Review

A review of climate-driven mismatches between interdependent phenophases in terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems

   Alison Donnelly et al. Int J Biometeorol. 2011 Nov.
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   . 2011 Nov;55(6):805-17.
   doi: 10.1007/s00484-011-0426-5. Epub 2011 Apr 21.

Authors

   [48]Alison Donnelly^ [49] 1 , [50]Amelia Caffarra, [51]Bridget F O'Neill

Affiliation

     * ^1 Centre for Environment, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College
       Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Alison.Donnelly@tcd.ie

     * PMID: 21509461
     * DOI: [52]10.1007/s00484-011-0426-5

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Abstract

   Mismatches in phenology between mutually dependent species, resulting from
   climate change, can have far-reaching consequences throughout an ecosystem at
   both higher and lower trophic levels. Rising temperatures, due to climate
   warming, have resulted in advances in development and changes in behaviour of
   many organisms around the world. However, not all species or phenophases are
   responding to this increase in temperature at the same rate, thus creating a
   disruption to previously synchronised interdependent key life-cycle stages.
   Mismatches have been reported between plants and pollinators, predators and prey,
   and pests and hosts. Here, we review mismatches between interdependent
   phenophases at different trophic levels resulting from climate change. We
   categorized the studies into (1) terrestrial (natural and agricultural)
   ecosystems, and (2) aquatic (freshwater and marine) ecosystems. As expected, we
   found reports of 'winners' and 'losers' in each system, such as earlier emergence
   of prey enabling partial avoidance of predators, potential reductions in crop
   yield if herbivore pests emerge before their predators and possible declines in
   marine biodiversity due to disruption in plankton-fish phenologies. Furthermore,
   in the marine environment rising temperatures have resulted in synchrony in a
   previously mismatched prey and predator system, resulting in an abrupt population
   decline in the prey species. The examples reviewed suggest that more research
   into the complex interactions between species in terrestrial and aquatic
   ecosystems is necessary to make conclusive predictions of how climate warming may
   impact the fragile balances within ecosystems in future.

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