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[38]Effect of parasitoids on lepidopterous pests in insecticide-treated and untreated
tomatoes in western North Carolina

   CD Campbell, JF Walgenbach... - Journal of Economic ..., 1991 - academic.oup.com
   CD Campbell, JF Walgenbach, [39]GG Kennedy
   Journal of Economic Entomology, 1991 o academic.oup.com
   Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to identify the parastoid complex of
   lepidopterous
   pests of tomatoes in western North Carolina, and to assess the compatibility of
   various
   insecticides with natural control of these pests. Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto &
   Platner) and
   T. pretiosum (Riley) were the primary egg parasitoids of Heltcoverpa (= He
   ltothts) zea
   (Boddie) and Manduca spp. in 1988, whereas T. exiguum was the predominant species
   collected from H. zea and Trtchoplusia nt (Hübner) in 1989. Parasitization of H.
   zea eggs on ...
   Abstract
   Studies were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to identify the parastoid complex of
   lepidopterous pests of tomatoes in western North Carolina, and to assess the
   compatibility of various insecticides with natural control of these pests.
   Trichogramma exiguum (Pinto & Platner) and T. pretiosum (Riley) were the primary
   egg parasitoids of Heltcoverpa (=He ltothts) zea (Boddie) and Manduca spp. in
   1988, whereas T. exiguum was the predominant species collected from H. zea and
   Trtchoplusia nt (Hübner) in 1989. Parasitization of H. zea eggs on plants treated
   with endosulfan, methomyl, and Bacillus thurtngtensis Berliner var. kurstakt did
   not differ significantly from the untreated control. However, egg densities were
   higher in synthetic insecticide treatments presumably because of disruption of
   predators in these treatments. Despite the low toxicity of esfenvalerate to
   Trtchogramma spp. In laboratory bioassays, parasitization of H. zea and Heltothis
   vtrescens (F.) eggs in the field was significantly reduced on
   esfenvalerate-treated tomatoes. This decreased level of parasitization was
   attributed to an avoidance by Trtchogramma spp. to pyrethroid insecticides, which
   was previously reported. Under the relatively low-density lepidopterous
   populations observed in these studies, the efficacy of specific insecticides
   against H. zea and T. nt was more important in preventing damage than the level
   of parasitization of these pests, because the treatment with the lowest level of
   parasitization (esfenvalerate + B. thurtngtensts) had the lowest levels of fruit
   damage in both years.
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