Synchronization of Outbreaks

   Examples of synchronized outbreaks:
     * [1]Defoliation caused by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., in
       Massachusetts in 1971-86. From Liebhold and Elkinton (1989; Forest Sci. 35:
       557-568).
     * [2]Outbreak of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., in
       lodgepole pine forests of Glacier National Park. From McGregor et al. (1983;
       USDA Report 83-16).

   Three main hypotheses:
     * Direct weather effect (this is a good explanation for gradient species)
     * Migration from outbreak area triggers an outbreak in adjacent areas (e.g.,
       bark beetles)
     * Weather synchronizes population oscillations = Moran's effect (gypsy moth?)

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   [5]Alexei Sharov 04/17/97

References

   1. http://alexei.nfshost.com/PopEcol/lec13/massach.gif
   2. http://alexei.nfshost.com/PopEcol/lec13/glacier.gif
   3. http://alexei.nfshost.com/PopEcol/lec13/classif.html
   4. http://alexei.nfshost.com/PopEcol/lec13/outbreak.html
   5. http://alexei.nfshost.com/~sharov/alexei.html