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[38]Longevity of individual flowers

   [39]RB Primack - Annual review of ecology and systematics, 1985 -
   annualreviews.org
   [40]RB Primack
   Annual review of ecology and systematics, 1985 o annualreviews.org
   Flower longevity-the length of time an individual flower remains open in the
   field with a fresh-
   appearing perianth, stigma, and stamens-is important in understanding pollination
   ecology
   as a dynamic process. The longevity of a flower determines, given a certain level
   of activity
   by pollinators, the probabil ity and the number of times that a flower will be
   visited. In
   addition, the longevity of individual flowers affects the total number of flowers
   open at any
   one time on the plant, with consequent implications for the level of outcrossing
   and the ...
   Flower longevity-the length of time an individual flower remains open in the
   field with a fresh-appearing perianth, stigma, and stamens-is important in
   understanding pollination ecology as a dynamic process. The longevity of a flower
   determines, given a certain level of activity by pollinators, the probabil ity
   and the number of times that a flower will be visited. In addition, the longevity
   of individual flowers affects the total number of flowers open at any one time on
   the plant, with consequent implications for the level of outcrossing and the
   effectiveness of the overall floral display in attracting pollinators. The
   flowers must be physiologically maintained, and long-lived flowers may represent
   a major drain on the water and energy budget of the plant (46, 57). Despite the
   ecological, genetic, and physiological significance of flower longevity, this
   topic has only been considered briefly in the botanical literature. In his
   classic work, Kerner von Marilaun (24) reported on the flower longevities of 50
   species under unspecified growing conditions. He observed that species with
   long-lived flowers, such as orchids, produce relatively few flowers and usually
   require insect visits for seed production. In contrast, he noted that species
   with short-lived flowers, such as the Commelinaceae, produce many flowers that
   are capable of automatic self-pollination in the absence of pollina tors.
   The subject of the ecology of flower longevities has not been developed further
   since Kerner's early observations and is not included in the standard books on
   pollination ecology (18, 40). Data on flower longevity are occasional ly given in
   pollination and systematic studies. However, these data are pre sented in an
   incidental manner and are not related to any larger evolutionary trends or
   ecological principles. Reviews of flower senescence have considered
   [annualreviews.org.png] Annual Reviews
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